Index

• Accent placement12, 45–54, 64–65, 72, 81, 230, 235

• Accenting/deaccenting12, 60, 64, 72

• Accentual phrases62, 200–201

• Advancedness34, 36, 224

• Anacrusis68

• Articulation rate71–72, 75, 116, 139, 144, 148–149, 152, 159–162, 165, 170, 192, 199–201, 218–220, 222, 224

• Assimilation26, 55

• Autosegmental-metrical (AM) approach23, 41–43, 55, 57

• Avoidance19, 20

• Backchanneling87, 97, 110, 118, 121, 177–180, 213

• Basic Variety (BV)21–22, 202, 223, 236

• Boundary tone(s)21, 23, 43, 54, 61, 65, 77, 80, 91, 106–110, 113–114, 117, 122, 129, 133–135, 172, 177, 191, 207–208, 214, 232, 234, 237

• Bulge Theory205

• Checking86, 110, 115, 121, 140, 176, 177–179, 181, 183, 186, 191, 207–209, 211, 225–226

• Child-directed speech8

• Clicking of the tongue203

• Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)9, 33, 94, 98, 138, 152, 157–158, 161–162, 168, 200, 208, 218–220, 223–227

• Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)82–83

• Continuation/floor-holding11, 58, 63, 78, 84, 90–92, 109, 115, 119, 121, 123, 129–130, 135–140, 142, 160, 177–179, 181, 183, 188, 190, 194–196, 207–208, 212, 221–222, 226

• Contour-based approach41–42

• Contrastive analysis (hypothesis)17–22

• Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis (CIA)16

• Convergence82–84See prosodic entrainment

• Creaky voice/creakiness10, 67, 72–73, 90–91, 107, 109–110, 121, 124, 144–148, 151, 163, 198, 220

• Cross-linguistic influence (CLI) / L1-transfer12, 17–23, 25–27, 36–37, 65–66, 76, 89–92, 191, 195, 197, 199–201, 214–216, 222–225, 233, 235–237

• Declination56, 57, 63, 77, 141, 165, 201

• Demarcating language70, 90

• Difference in Distance (DID) score118, 171–175, 217

• Discourse intonation45, 49, 82

• Disentrainment83, 171

• Disfluencies/disfluency71, 74, 94, 110, 124, 139, 201

• Dissimilation26, 55

• Divergence83See prosodic entrainment

• Downstepped tone57, 106, 108, 129, 133, 196–197, 229

• Edge tone(s)43, 55, 58, 61–62, 65, 108, 113–114, 134–137, 175, 192, 194–196, 199, 207–208, 217, 220, 224, 232–233, 236See boundary tones

• Emphasis8, 110, 121, 181, 191

• English as a Foreign Language (EFL)4–10, 195See ELT

• English as a Second Language (ESL)4

• English Language Teaching (ELT)3–10, 14, 219, 223–235

• Error analysis17, 19

• Exercise hypothesis29

• Expanded-range rise115, 141–142

• F0 level29, 76–81, 89–90, 106–107, 114–115, 117, 122, 163–164, 168–175, 182–192, 201, 217, 225

• F0 range8, 18, 29–30, 38, 45–54, 75–82, 89–91, 114–115, 117–118, 122, 128, 162–175, 182–192, 201–204

• F0 resetting68, 72–74, 91, 106, 165

• F0 span29, 76, 79, 82, 89–92, 118, 163–168, 182–192, 201–203

• Finality110, 136, 181, 195–196, 221, 229

• Floor-holdingSee continuation

• Fluenceme(s)33, 86–87

• Fluency27, 30, 33–34, 36, 67, 70, 74–76, 124, 144–162, 197–200, 216–220, 234–235

• Focus11, 23, 60, 71, 79, 89, 110

• Foreigner-directed speech/ foreigner-talk8–9, 198, 216, 220–221, 237

• Fossilization20–21, 36, 81, 220–221, 234

• Frequency/distributional dimension23, 63, 89–91, 193–197, 212, 216–223

• Fundamental frequency (f0)11, 90, 107–109, 114–115, 126–127See pitch

• Glottalization67, 72–73

• Grouping language70, 90

• Guiraud-Index125, 147, 149, 183, 197, 217

• Handing over of turn109See finality

• Hertz (Hz)77, 115, 163–164

• High rising terminals (HRTs)see also uptalk57–58, 85, 88–89, 175–193, 213–215

• Insecurity/uncertainty18, 110, 177, 194, 206, 208–215

• Intensity59, 60, 82, 110

• Interlanguage15, 17, 20–22, 27, 216–223

• Interlanguage hypothesis/phonology17–22See interlanguage

• Intermediate phrase43, 66–76, 104–110, 113–114, 116, 140, 144–162, 197–201

• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)104

• International Prosodic Alphabet (IPrA)104

• Intonation9–11, 14See prosody

• Intonation language16, 56, 84

• Intonation phrase12, 43, 66–76, 90–92, 104–106, 112–114, 116, 139–140, 144–162, 197–201

• Intonation/prosodic unit (IU)10, 66–76, 90–92, 112–114, 125, 144–162, 165, 197–201

• Intonational dimension(s)23–27, 55, 66, 89, 216–223

• Intonational/prosodic phrasing11–12, 45–54, 66–76, 90–92, 104–106, 116, 139–140, 144–162, 197–201, 230–231

• L2 Intonation Learning Theory (LILt)15, 23–27, 216–223, 236

• Language change14–15, 205, 229

• Lengthening71–73, 75–76, 91, 106, 110, 121, 125, 144–148

• Lexical complexity33

• Lexical diversity125, 147–149, 153, 217–218, 222See TTRGuiraud-index

• Linear Decline Hypothesis (LDH)29–30

• Lingua franca core7, 9, 227, 230

• Listing109, 115, 119, 179, 181, 208–209

• Long term distributional (LTD) measures77

• Maintenance8, 83, 171See prosodic entrainment

• Markedness differential hypothesis (MDH)19

• Mean length of run (MLR)75

• Nuclear Tone Theory46–54

• Nucleus/nuclear accent64, 71, 72, 81, 84–85, 229

• Onset115–119, 180, 182–183, 185–187

• Overuse20, 65

• Pause(s)30, 67–70, 72–73, 75, 78–79, 87–88, 91, 95, 106, 121, 123, 139–142, 144–148, 179–180

• Peak88–91, 182, 184, 186–187

• Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM)/ Perceptual Assimilation Model for L2 speakers (PAM-L2)22–27

• Phonetic corpora16–17, 29

• Phonetic interpolation42–43

• Phonological awareness112

• Phrase accent43, 92, 108–110, 132–133See edge tone

• Pitch11, 76See f0

• Pitch accents12, 43, 54–56, 63, 65–66, 72, 74, 77, 81, 89–92, 107–110, 113–114, 128–131, 134–141, 167, 170, 196–197, 214–215

• Pitch Dynamism Quotient (PDQ)77, 81, 212

• Pitch excursion87–88, 118, 208

• Pitch movement38, 41, 68, 90See tonestunes

• Pitch- or word-accent language56

• Pitch range76See f0 range

• Pitch/rise slope78, 88, 118, 186–190, 204, 208, 219

• Praat102, 104, 107, 230

• Prominence11, 42, 60, 74, 76, 89, 104, 144, 214, 227See stressed syllables

• Prosodic breaksSee intonational phrasing

• Prosodic drift36, 55, 203

• Prosodic entrainment8, 81–84, 137, 171–175, 191–192, 201–202, 217, 220, 227

• Prosodic exploration phase196, 236

• Prosodic marking of information structure23, 54, 56, 58, 60, 74, 104, 144, 194, 200

• Prosody11See intonation

• Pruned word counts95, 116, 152–158

• Quoted speech78, 110–112, 123, 136, 138, 165, 204, 223, 236

• Realizational dimension23–24, 27, 89–91, 193, 212

• Rhythm9, 59, 45–54, 71, 75, 89, 90–91, 154–155, 200

• Rise span78, 127, 182, 184–186, 219

• Semantic/ functional dimension23–24, 27, 91–92, 193, 205, 212, 221

• Semitones (ST)77–88, 114–115, 163–164, 225

• Sensitive period /Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)28–29

• Simple high rise115, 134, 141–142

• Single system hypothesis29

• SLM-r23–27

• Speaking/speech rate30, 69–71, 75–76, 82, 90, 116, 139, 149, 214, 221

• Spectral slope76

• Spectrogram102, 104, 106, 116, 123–125

• Speech Learning Model (SLM)22–27, 104

• Speech rhythmSee rhythm

• Speech run67, 75, 94, 109

• Spontaneous speech34–35, 37, 67–71, 74, 80, 95, 197–198

• Stress patterns9, 58–60, 71–72, 74, 91, 229

• Stressed/accented/prominent syllables10, 43, 54, 59, 68–69, 72, 76, 108, 200

• Strict Layer Hypothesis (SLH)43

• Substitution55

• Suprasegmentals11, 31See prosody

• Sustained rise115, 119, 187, 226, 232, 234–235

• Syllabic reduction71

• Syllables per minute (spm)76

• Syllables per second (syll/s)116, 152–153, 159–162, 170, 198, 200See articulation rate

• Syllables60, 71, 95, 106–109, 152–162, 200–201

• Systemic dimensionsee also tone inventory23, 63–66, 89–91, 205, 216–217

• Teacher-talk44, 221, 237

• Testing of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)33

• Tonal alignment54, 56, 64–65, 229

• Tonal reduplication187, 213

• Tonality11, 74, 230See intonational phrasing

• Tone and Break Indices (ToBI)38, 42, 45–54, 56, 61–63, 104, 106–107, 116–117, 122
  • CZ-ToBI61–62
  • G-ToBI61–62, 107
  • MAE-ToBI61–62, 106–107
  • SP-ToBI61–62
  See tones

• Tone inventory18, 45–54, 61–66, 89, 106–107

• Tone language56

• Tone(s)11–12, 14, 45–54, 61–66, 84–85, 89–92, 106–107, 114, 117, 122, 129–138, 171–175, 191–192, 194–197

• Tonic syllables85See nucleus

• Tonicity11See accenting

• Topic58, 78–79, 112, 136–139, 155, 157–158, 165, 181, 212, 220, 231

• Truncation64–65

• Try marker87

• Tune(s)/ intonation contour42–43, 45–57, 61–64, 72, 77, 84–87, 91, 107, 117, 122, 141–144, 166–171, 175–193, 194–197

• Type-Token Ratio (TTR)33, 125, 147, 149, 151–152, 155, 157, 160–161, 183, 197, 200, 217–218

• Ultimate attainment21, 26, 29–31, 35–36, 217–218

• Underuse20, 65

• Universal grammar17, 20

• Unpruned word counts95, 152–154

• Upstepped tone57, 106, 108–109, 129, 133, 196–197

• Uptalk84–89, 115–116, 118–119, 122–123, 175–193, 204–216, 231–232

• Vocabulary-growth hypothesis33

• Wave form104

• Whispered speech10, 67, 109–110

• Words per minute (wpm)71