Index

• absolutive case113

• adaptor186–187; see also approximator

• additives, vague22

• advertisement4, 61, 63–64, 68, 77

• advertising56, 59, 63–66, 68, 77, 239

• ambiguity1–7, 10–20, 22, 24–26, 29–30, 34–36, 39–45, 51–56, 62–66, 68–72, 75, 77, 84–98, 100–104, 110–111, 113, 120, 123–127, 131, 133, 135, 140–141, 172, 184, 199, 201, 203, 208, 210–213, 217–219, 221–225, 227–230, 234–236, 239–240, 243, 245, 248–249, 255–256, 259–262, 264, 275, 277
  • ambiguity in discourse4–5, 84, 86–87, 89–90, 104
  • ambiguity in the language system18, 87, 89–90, 104
  • conceptual ambiguity264
  • contextual ambiguity25, 229
  • cumulative ambiguity12
  • epistemic ambiguity89–90
  • intentional ambiguity4, 13, 55–56, 69
  • intertextual ambiguity274
  • lexical ambiguity11, 40, 42, 52, 70, 89–93, 98, 239
  • morphological ambiguity11, 40
  • narrative ambiguity89–90
  • non-strategic ambiguity87–96, 101, 103–104
  • perceptual ambiguity239
  • persuasive ambiguity62–66, 68–69, 77
  • polysemic ambiguity70
  • pragmatic ambiguity10, 17–18, 25, 34, 89–90
  • referential ambiguity88, 100, 263
  • scope ambiguity90, 103
  • selective ambiguity12
  • semantic ambiguity275
  • sentence-level ambiguity89, 239
  • spatial ambiguity6, 261
  • strategic ambiguity87–89, 92–93, 95–98, 100–104, 208
  • structural ambiguity35, 45, 52, 70, 89–91, 239
  • surface ambiguity19
  • syntactic ambiguity12, 239
  • virtual ambiguity12, 25

• ambiguous expression2, 4, 10, 12, 14, 17, 30, 34–36, 45, 53–54, 56, 62–64, 69–70, 72, 75–76, 87, 123, 210

• ambiguous meaningsee under meaning

• ambivalence85

• analogical reasoning19–20

• analogy10, 19–20, 25, 133, 150

• annotation84, 89, 92–93, 99–100, 102–104

• annotation schema84, 86, 89, 103

• anticausative115, 118–121, 123, 125, 130, 132–135
  • anticausative construction128
  • anticausative diathesis121–122
  • anticausative functionsee under function
  • anticausative markersee under marker
  • anticausative noun130
  • anticausative verb114
  • anticausative voice112

• antipassive113, 115–116, 119–120, 122, 128, 130, 132, 135, 137
  • antipassive functionsee under function
  • antipassive markersee under marker
  • patientless antipassive115, 117, 119–120, 122, 128

• antipassivization113, 115, 137

• apo koinou90

• approximation11, 22, 44, 150, 177, 180–182, 185, 193–194, 202–204
  • approximation functionsee under function

• approximator22, 24, 37, 54, 184–186

• argumentation98, 234, 239, 241, 249, 251, 255

• attention6, 51, 62–64, 67,69–72, 75–77, 87, 166, 276

• attenuation43–44, 177–178, 180, 182, 185, 190, 192, 194, 196, 200–204

• autocausative117, 118, 134–135
  • autocausative construction117
  • autocausative contextsee under context
  • autocausative verb117

• Bergamo260, 264–268, 270–271, 276–277

• bidirectionality135

• bridging contextsee under context

• categorization41, 150, 177, 182, 193, 198, 203
  • ad hoc categorization203
  • indexical categorization154

• category22–24, 40–42, 44, 148–150, 152, 155, 158, 161, 163–164, 172–173, 179–180, 184–185, 190, 193, 198–200, 203, 219
  • context-based category152
  • functional category137, 140
  • grammatical category110, 131, 135–136, 138, 140
  • lexical category35, 44
  • pragmatic category138
  • semantic category138–139
  • vague category150, 173, 189

• change3, 17, 119, 131–132, 135, 140, 180–181, 193, 249
  • bidirectional change111–112, 132, 135–136
  • counter-directional change132
  • functional change25, 111, 136
  • language change3–4, 6, 10–11, 13, 15, 19, 25–26, 95, 133
  • semantic change11, 22, 25
  • sound change152

• clarity25, 85, 95, 236
  • maxim of claritysee maxims of conversation

• co-text36, 64, 163, 182, 191, 227, 230

• CODIT corpus148, 157–160, 172

• cognitive comprehensionsee under comprehension

• cognitive effort71

• cognitive factor25

• cognitive level185

• cognitive load201

• cognitive mechanism58

• cognitive model53

• cognitive operation21

• cognitive process68, 77

• comment clauses177–178, 180–183, 186, 191–197, 200–204

• commitment179, 185, 190, 192, 194, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 212, 227, 230
  • epistemic commitment177, 179–182, 185, 192, 197–198, 200, 204
  • minimal commitment71, 76

• common ground67, 149–150, 174

• communicative domain235, 238, 256

• communicative need11, 16, 29–31, 37, 182, 235

• communicative situation14, 33, 35–36, 54, 89

• communicative strategy10, 26, 36, 55, 89, 96, 100, 211

• comprehension32, 36, 68, 74, 164, 192
  • cognitive comprehension32; see also intercomprehension

• conditional42–44, 179

• context4, 10, 12–16, 18–20, 22, 24–25, 31–32, 34–39, 43–45, 54, 56, 61–62, 65, 70, 72–77, 89–92, 94, 97–98, 100, 103, 124, 126–137, 140–141, 150, 152, 154–155, 161, 164, 166–167, 177, 181–182, 184, 192, 196, 198, 200, 203, 208, 210–215, 218–221, 224–230, 235–238, 240–241, 255–256, 262, 265, 273, 275
  • autocausative context133
  • bridging context17–18, 111, 133–136, 141, 152, 161, 172–173
  • disjunctive context23
  • face-threatening context222
  • formal context227
  • formulaic context268
  • informal context227
  • ironic context227, 230
  • irrealis context197, 200
  • shared context149, 155
  • spatial context263
  • syntactic context21
  • vague context18

• continuum21–22, 52–53, 182, 198, 204, 219

• contradiction test124–125

• conversation analysis240

• conversational maximssee maxims of conversation

• conversesee deagentive

• cooperation36, 38, 40, 172, 184, 187, 200

• cooperative principle62, 138

• cost-reduction hypothesis73

• deagentive115–116, 118–120

• deictic54, 130, 149, 154, 165

• depatientive115–116, 119–120, 122, 127

• designatum54–55

• diachronic corpus157–158, 160, 164

• diachronic development5, 111, 130–131, 138, 140–141, 150

• diachronic mechanismsee diachronic process

• diachronic path23, 39, 131

• diachronic process6, 10, 16, 19, 25

• diachrony3–4, 111, 130–131, 160–162

• diathesis5, 110, 112–128, 130–131, 133–135, 137–138, 140–141
  • anticausative diathesissee under anticausative

• disambiguation18, 90–91

• disagreement212, 234, 238, 245, 255

• discourse2–6, 16, 18, 22, 38, 42, 44, 61, 77, 84, 86–91, 93, 96, 104, 137, 139, 148, 151, 177, 180–193, 195–196, 199–205, 235
  • argumentative discourse238–239
  • discourse markerssee under marker
  • discourse vaguenesssee under vagueness
  • emergent discourse198
  • meta-discourse177, 181, 193, 203–204
  • political discourse56, 60, 68, 77
  • written discourse96
  • spoken discourse22, 177–178, 182, 189, 191, 195, 200, 205, 220

• discriminability33, 45

• domestication259–260

• Dyirbal113

• echo-formative strategy170

• economy16, 93, 197
  • functional economy36, 44

• ellipsis90, 134

• elliptical clause134

• elliptical phrasing87, 94

• elliptical structure154

• encapsulator42

• endoreflexivessee autocausative verb

• English3–4, 11–12, 18, 20, 23, 34–35, 37–38, 42, 53, 89, 97, 137–139, 151, 178, 213
  • Early Modern English18
  • Middle English17–19
  • Old English17–18

• EnTenTen13 Corpus23

• entropy16

• epistemic ambiguitysee under ambiguity

• epistemic commitment177, 179–182, 185, 192, 197–198, 200, 204

• epistemic exemplificationsee under exemplification

• epistemic functionsee under function

• epistemic modality137–139

• epistemic theory13

• epistemic stance24, 177, 197

• epistemic vigilance58, 69, 76–77

• evaluative morpheme43–44, 188

• evaluative suffixsee evaluative morpheme

• exemplar149–150, 153, 155–156, 159, 163–164, 166–167, 172–174, 190, 198–199, 203–204

• exemplification24, 177–179, 193, 195–196, 198–201, 204
  • epistemic exemplification192–193, 196, 198, 203
  • exemplification markersee under marker

• face-threatening act182, 185–186, 212, 223

• face-threatening questions5–6, 208–210, 229–230

• facilitative114–115, 118–120, 122–123, 125–128, 131–132

• figurative language90

• fluenceme180

• focus89–90

• Folk Corpus40–41

• frame64, 66–67, 114, 154–155, 166, 224

• French3–4, 38, 64–66, 89, 114, 130, 178–179
  • Old French152

• frequency and likelihood expression37

• function18, 24, 29, 32, 35, 41–42, 45, 54, 88, 91,111, 117–118, 121, 123–124, 126, 131, 134, 137–138, 140, 149, 154, 159, 161, 168–169, 172–173, 177–184, 188–193, 195–196, 198, 202–204, 268, 274, 276
  • anticausative function111, 114
  • antipassive function111, 131
  • approximation function188, 190, 195-196
  • contextualising function181, 183, 196
  • dialogic function172
  • epistemic function179, 192–193, 196–198, 203
  • intensifying function209
  • interactional function24
  • interpersonal function137
  • metalinguistic function63
  • metatextual function24
  • meta-discursive function177, 181
  • persuasive function52, 54–55, 62, 73, 76
  • referential function190
  • reflexive function131
  • semantic function120
  • syntactic function110, 113, 120
  • textual function166
  • voice function111, 132

• Functional Discourse Grammar110, 138–139

• functional markersee under marker

• general extenders4–5, 7, 22–24, 37, 42, 148–151, 153–156, 159–163, 165–169, 172–174, 178, 185–186, 189–190

• general noun37, 41–42, 44; see also placeholder, pro-form

• generality2, 10, 14, 16–17, 22, 25–26, 42, 123, 190–191, 245

• German3–4, 11, 29–30, 38, 40–45, 61, 67, 89, 128–129

• grammatical relation113–115, 118–119

• grammaticalizationsee grammaticalization

• grammaticalization 11, 23–26, 110, 130–132, 135–137, 139, 181, 193

• Greek93
  • Ancient Greek89, 93, 97
  • Koinē Greek91

• hedges22, 41, 184

• hedging12, 24

• Hittite117, 132

• hyperbole22

• homonymy19, 35, 52, 71, 87, 90

• identification41, 89, 155, 163, 173, 191, 204, 212, 260–261, 264–265, 268, 270, 276–277

• idiom98

• idiomatic expression63, 69

• illocutionary act212, 234–236, 240–243, 254, 256
  • illocutionary act theory236

• illocutionary force32, 38, 185, 241, 243, 245, 249, 255

• implicature24–25, 58, 62–63, 67, 69, 89–90, 212, 238, 240

• implicit content57–58, 68

• implicit strategy57, 61, 67

• implicitness59, 69, 237

• imprecision14–15, 123, 262, 277

• indeterminacy2, 10, 13–15, 17–18, 22, 25–26, 30–31, 36, 55, 127, 141, 184, 237, 259, 262, 265, 275

• indexicality177, 192, 203

• indefinite37, 54

• indefinite pronoun58, 171

• indirectness89–90, 186, 193

• inference15, 17, 26, 39, 69, 77, 180–181, 212, 238

• interaction18, 22, 24, 155, 182, 190, 197, 204, 210–211, 214–216, 219, 222–223, 225, 228, 235, 242, 247, 252–253

• intercomprehension31, 33–34

• interdisciplinary approach85–86

• interface operator110, 131, 135, 138, 140–141

• interpretation3–4, 6, 12, 13–16, 18–19, 21–22, 24–25, 33–35, 39, 41, 51–52, 55–56, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69–73, 75–77, 89, 92, 94–95, 99, 101–102, 111, 117–118, 123–130, 134–135, 140, 152, 155, 177, 179, 181, 192, 197, 203, 209–212, 214–217, 221, 226, 228–230, 239–240, 245, 248, 263, 265, 275

• intersubjectification137, 141

• intersubjective meaningsee under meaning

• intersubjectivity137, 140, 165

• intimacy43

• ironic context227, 230

• ironic effect64, 66, 77

• irony63, 65, 67–68, 90

• irrealis37, 191–192, 200

• irrealis contextsee under context

• Italian3–5, 18, 20–25, 29–30, 32, 34–35, 38, 40–45, 61, 63–64, 68–69, 73–74, 77, 112, 118, 124–128, 130–131, 133, 148–150, 154–156, 159, 165–174, 177–181, 183, 186–191, 194–195, 197–202, 208–210, 213–230
  • Old Italian3, 148, 151–154, 157–158, 160–164, 172–174

• ItTenTen Corpus23, 25, 208, 210, 216, 220–221, 227

• Japanese212–213, 221

• Jewish92–93

• juxtaposition20, 168, 187–188, 191, 194–195, 197

• KIParla Corpus25, 147, 149, 155–156, 158, 159, 165–171, 173, 178, 180, 187, 191, 208, 210, 216, 220

• Langobardia Maior265, 269, 270

• Langobardia Minor265–267, 269, 273–275

• Lao169, 171

• Latin5, 19, 22, 89, 113–114, 138, 148–154, 172, 259–260, 264
  • Classical Latin150–151
  • Late Latin152, 172
  • Medieval Latin3, 260–261, 264, 268–277

• lexical narrowing22

• LIP Corpussee VoLIP corpus

• list22, 24, 148, 150, 154, 156, 162–164, 166, 168–170, 172–173, 179, 189
  • list construction150, 151–153, 158, 161–163, 166–168, 173

• locus138, 259, 264, 268–273, 275
  • locus ubi dicitur259–261, 268–269, 271–277

• locutionary act184, 235–236, 240, 254, 256

• manipulation57, 61, 114, 262

• marker3, 24, 110, 122–123, 125, 128, 130–131, 133, 136, 138–140, 148, 150, 162, 167–168, 177, 181, 184, 186, 200–204, 216
  • alterity marker153, 157, 160–161, 165, 173
  • anticausative marker121, 131
  • antipassive marker121
  • discourse marker7, 41, 44–45, 178, 180, 186, 189–190, 192–193, 204–205
  • disfluency marker178, 186
  • epistemic marker196, 198
  • exemplification marker159, 163–164, 166–168, 173, 179
  • functional marker24–25
  • polarity marker209
  • pragmatic marker3, 5, 24, 178
  • prosodic marker37
  • similarity marker149, 152–153, 157, 160–161, 165, 169, 173
  • vagueness marker200–201, 203
  • voice marker3, 5, 110–112, 117–118, 121, 123–125, 127–136, 138, 140–141

• maxims of conversation39, 95–96, 211–212
  • maxim of manner/clarity39–40, 62, 95, 208, 212
  • maxim of relation/relevance39–40, 62
  • maxim of quality39
  • maxim of quantity39, 93

• meaning1–2, 5, 11–15, 17–19, 21–22, 24–26, 30–36, 39, 41–45, 51–54, 56, 62–71, 76–77, 84, 86, 88–89, 92–93, 95–100, 104, 120, 123–128, 130, 132–134, 136–138, 140, 151–152, 160–161, 172–173, 177, 181, 183, 185, 187–188, 190–191, 195, 200, 203–204, 210, 213, 230, 234–241, 249, 259, 263, 265, 270–271, 274–275
  • abstract meaning271
  • additional meaning64
  • adjunctive meaning23
  • ambiguous meaning152, 192, 276
  • compositional meaning64
  • denotative meaning58
  • deontic meaning136
  • grammatical meaning35, 42, 111, 130–131
  • idiomatic meaning63, 69
  • inferential meaning22
  • intersubjective meaning5, 151
  • lexical meaning22, 42, 45, 127–128, 181
  • locutionary meaning32
  • metaphorical meaning239
  • modal meaning35, 42
  • multiple meanings1, 6, 11, 51, 54, 69, 71, 96
  • non-compositional meaning63
  • non-futural meaning42
  • non-idiomatic meaning64
  • pragmatic meaning181
  • precise meaning22, 53
  • procedural meaning24, 151
  • propositional meaning39
  • referential meaning35
  • unspecified meaning41
  • vague meaning36, 151, 276

• meta-discoursesee under discourse

• metaphor20–22, 98

• metaphorical interpretationsee under interpretation

• metaphorical meaningsee under meaning

• metaphorical transfer20–22, 97

• metaphoricity32

• metonymical transfer21

• metonymy20–21

• micro-toponyms261, 273–275, 277

• Middle Ages260–261, 266, 275

• misunderstanding12, 67, 91, 93, 95, 102–104, 211, 240

• mitigation36, 59, 139, 178, 182, 204

• modal adverb178, 186

• modality137–138
  • epistemic modality137–139

• modulation179, 197–198, 203
  • epistemic modulation179–181, 192, 197

• morpheme35, 138
  • derivational morpheme34
  • evaluative morpheme43, 188
  • inflectional morpheme34

• multifunctionality110–111, 121, 123, 131, 140

• multimodality65

• non-answer response234, 246, 249–250, 253–255

• non-exhaustivity148, 150, 155–156, 166–170, 173

• notarial document153, 261

• notarial text260–262, 265, 277

• Occitan152

• off-record strategy208, 212, 229

• Old Testament92–93

• on-line planning24, 38, 177, 180, 182, 202

• ordinary language philosophy240

• parenthetical clause179, 181, 190–191

• parenthetical verbs5, 177–178, 186

• parts of speechsee under speech

• passive110–116, 119–123, 130–132, 137

• agentless passive114–115, 118–120, 125–127, 129, 131

• non-promotional passive114, 119–120, 131, 138

• potential passivesee facilitative

• perception15, 19, 33, 84, 87–90, 93–96, 99–101, 103, 261

• performative236, 239
  • performative formulas237, 255

• perlocutionary act235–236, 240–241, 256

• perlocutionary consequencesee perlocutionary effect

• perlocutionary effect5, 234–236, 240, 242, 245–252, 255

• persuasion4, 16, 51, 56–57, 59, 62, 68, 76, 77

• persuasive ambiguitysee under ambiguity

• persuasive functionsee under function

• persuasive vaguenesssee under vagueness

• place name6, 259–260, 264–265, 268–274, 276; see also toponym

• placeholder37, 42, 185–188; see also general noun, pro-form

• politeness16, 14, 38, 43, 208, 212–213, 238

• polysemy2, 11, 14, 17–20, 33–36, 43, 52–54, 71, 76, 86–87, 90, 92, 97, 103, 126, 141, 249, 273
  • polysemy advantage effect72–73, 76

• polysemous lexeme18, 33, 35–36, 39, 41–42, 44, 54, 70–71, 98, 269

• polysemous termsee polysemous lexeme

• polysemous wordsee polysemous lexeme

• Portuguese114–115, 129, 152

• pragmatic looseness15, 21–22

• precise expression16, 51, 59, 72–73, 75, 77, 238

• precision3, 72, 184, 237, 260

• presupposition58, 61, 240, 269

• Principle of Charity238, 245, 248

• production16, 31, 33, 38, 55, 67, 77, 84, 87–91, 94, 96, 98–101, 103, 180, 182–183, 191, 202, 204–205

• pro-form5, 148–149, 152, 155, 157, 161–162, 164, 168, 170, 172–173; see also general noun, placeholder

• prosodic form45

• prosodic markersee marker

• prosodic pattern230

• prosody45, 221, 230

• quantifier154, 169, 173, 220

• quantitative adequacy208–209

• question-answer exchange236, 245–246, 248, 253

• reading behavior70, 72

• reading time70–72, 75, 77

• reanalysis10, 19–20, 25, 95, 133

• recategorization45

• reception31, 68, 77

• reciprocal111, 116–117, 119–121, 123–126, 129, 132, 138

• redundancy16

• reduplication168

• reduplicative pattern170–172

• referent16, 31, 58, 60, 69, 74–77, 183–184, 187–188, 200, 204, 259–260, 263, 271, 276–277

• reflexive110–111, 113, 115–121, 123, 125–135, 138

• reinterpretation19, 133, 135–136, 141

• reticence16, 22

• rhetorical device54, 239

• rhetorical effect77, 98, 103

• rhetorical question24, 101–102

• Romanian152

• rounder186

• round number37

• Russian116, 128, 130

• Salerno259, 265–267, 273–274, 276

• Sardinian152

• scope12, 24, 89, 134, 137–140, 181–182, 199

• semantic ambiguitysee under ambiguity

• semantic changesee under change

• semantic relatedness51, 53–54

• semantic role110, 112–113, 116–120, 133

• semantic vaguenesssee under vagueness

• semantics10, 17–18, 21, 36, 55, 115, 128–129, 138, 140, 208, 210, 221, 228, 230, 241, 264

• semifactive verbs180, 192–193, 198

• shared knowledge16, 22, 26, 67, 74, 149–150, 161, 166

• Spanish38, 89, 128, 178–179

• speech5, 6, 33, 39–40, 45, 52, 57, 67, 77, 88, 149, 158, 165, 167, 180, 182, 212
  • parts of speech11, 41
  • political speech4, 61, 66–67
  • speech act5, 32, 38, 185, 196, 201–204, 211, 235–236, 238, 240–242, 255
  • speech event5, 225, 228, 234, 236

• stand-alone answer209–210, 214–217, 220, 227–228

• strategic maneuvering238

• subjectification137, 141, 180–181

• subjective meaningsee under meaning

• subjectivity43, 137, 140, 165, 177, 218

• subjectless impersonal114–115, 119–120, 125, 129, 138

• subjunctive42–44

• suffix20, 34, 41, 43–44, 116, 121, 128, 132, 186

• Swedish89

• syncretism111, 121–122, 126, 130
  • voice syncretism5, 111–112, 120–123

• synonymy19, 32,

• syntax24, 138, 140, 187, 191, 197–198

• taxonomic noun178, 186–189

• thetical grammar178

• TInCAP (Tübingen Interdisciplinary Corpus of Ambiguity Phenomena)4, 84, 86–90, 92–94, 97–98, 100, 102–104

• topicalization58

• toponym6, 259, 261, 263, 269, 273–275, 277; see also place name

• transitivity110, 115

• Tuvinian117

• typology3, 5, 110–113, 118–119, 122, 140

• ubicatory terminology261, 267–269, 276

• Udmurt115

• Ukrainian114

• uncertainty2, 10, 14–15, 18–19, 24–25, 40, 44, 154, 179, 198, 238, 262, 265

• underdeterminacy32

• underdetermination55, 183–184

• underspecification3, 5, 13, 17, 55–56, 76, 84–86, 90–91, 95, 110–111, 113, 120, 123–127, 131, 133–135, 140–141, 177, 179, 182, 188, 192–193, 197–199, 204

• unidirectionality5, 110, 131, 136, 140–141

• vague expression2, 4, 10, 12, 14–16, 38, 51, 53–54, 56–61, 70–73, 75, 77, 87, 170, 184, 187, 210–211, 238, 254

• vague meaningsee under meaning

• vagueness1–7, 10–17, 20, 22, 24–26, 29–40, 43–45, 51–61, 68–73, 75–78, 84–87, 90, 124, 149–151, 155–156, 172–173, 177–205, 208, 210–213, 225, 228, 234–240, 245, 248–250, 255–256, 259–265, 274–275, 277
  • de dicto vagueness262
  • de re vaguenesssee ontic vagueness
  • discourse vaguenesssee discursive vagueness
  • discursive vagueness5, 38, 44, 177, 182, 184–186, 193, 202
  • epistemic vagueness237
  • illocutionary vagueness243
  • informational vaguenesssee informative vagueness
  • informative vagueness5, 24, 37–39, 44, 177, 182, 184–186, 193–196, 198, 203
  • intentional vagueness4, 10, 12, 16, 22, 24–25, 29–30, 36–40, 43, 45, 55–56, 69, 182–185, 220, 259, 265, 267
  • intrinsic vagueness10, 12, 22, 25
  • locutionary vagueness243
  • ontic vagueness259, 262, 265, 269, 277
  • persuasive vagueness56, 58, 69, 76–77
  • relational vagueness5, 24, 37–38, 44, 177, 182, 184–186, 192–193, 196–201, 203
  • scalar vagueness237
  • semantic vagueness34, 255, 259, 262–263, 277
  • spatial vagueness6, 261–262, 265, 269
  • strategic vagueness238
  • systemic vagueness29–36, 55, 182–184, 262–263, 277
  • vagueness markersee under marker

• valency110–112, 124, 140

• verba dicendi180, 192–193, 202, 273–274

• verbal parentheticalssee parenthetical verbs

• VoLIP Corpus23, 40, 148–150, 156, 158–159, 165–170, 173

• wordplay62, 65, 69, 90, 99

• yes/no question209, 220

• zeugma test124–125, 134