List of tables
Table 1.The twenty-five-year history of HLS
Table 2.Academic venues and resources for Hispanic
(and Lusophone) linguistics
Table 3.Current PhD programs in Hispanic/Spanish linguistics
in North America
Table 4.Organization of HLS proceedings and edited volumes
Table 1.Brown and Levinson’s (1987) conceptualization of politeness
Table 2.Factors affecting the variation of vosotros and
ustedes in previous research
Table 3.Extralinguistic factors for the 9 politicians
Table 4.Dependent and independent variables
Table 5.Tweets collected from the 9 politicians
Table 6.Mixed-effects logistic regression model with use of
ustedes as the application value and politician as a
random effect
Table 7.Mixed-effects logistic regression model with politeness violations as the
application value and politician as a random effect
Table 8.Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests for the interaction between
social factors and their use of ustedes and
vosotros
Table 9.Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests for the interaction between
social factors and their violation and observance of positive
politeness
Table 1.Summary of intonational patterns for yes-no questions in Castilian
Spanish, Basque Spanish, and Basque
Table 2.Participant demographics
Table 3.Attested nuclear configurations in Spanish
Table 4.Attested nuclear configurations in Basque
Table 5.Predominant nuclear contours across languages
Table 1.Speakers examined from the Diachronic Study of Caracas corpus
Table 2.List of independent linguistic and extralinguistic variables with
factors
Table 3.Breakdown of the statistical analyses
Table 4.Mean intensity range for productions of all four allophones
Table 5.Mixed-effect linear regression model with range in intensity as the
continuous application value and speaker as a random effect
Table 6.Mixed-effect logistic model with affricate production as the application
value, compared to other production types, with speaker as a random
effect
Table 7.Mixed-effect logistic model with fricative production as the application
value, compared to the approximant and elision, with speaker as a random
effect
Table 1.Background characteristics of listener participants by group
Table 2.Cross-tabulation of tap-trill selection by CD and listener group
Table 3.Logistic regression model predicting trill selection
Table 4.Factors predicting certainty of tap selection
Table 5.Factors predicting certainty of trill selection
Table 1.Participant demographics
Table 2.Participant response categories on the WCT
Table 3.Results for the Lextale tasks by group
Table 4.Tasks administered by participant group
Table 5.Results of the clmm model with HHS as the baseline participant
group
Table 6.Results of the clmm model with HHE as the baseline participant
group
Table 7.Distribution of participant evaluations by temporal reference
Table 8.Distribution of participant evaluations by certainty
Table 1.Examples of voseo, tuteo and
ustedeo
Table 2.Dependent and independent variables included
in the statistical analyses
Table 3.Results of multinomial regression models
Table 4.Avoidance of vos when speaking with an interlocutor
of a different Spanish variety
Table 1.Dominant language ideologies in the US, adapted from Fuller and Leeman
(2020)
Table 2.Participant demographics
Table 3.Curriculum design of Spanish in the US
Table 4.Implementation of CLA pedagogy’s principles and best practices in the
Spanish in the US classroom, adapted from Shapiro (2022, pp. 62–71)
Table 5.The rejection of monoglossic ideology in reflections
Table 6.The rejection of standard language ideology in reflections
Table 7.Action against dominant language ideologies in reflections
Table 8.Maintenance of dominant language ideologies in reflections
Table 9.Summary of challenging/reproduction of hegemonic language ideologies at
the end of a CLA-informed course on Spanish in the US
Table 1.Summary of participant characteristics
Table 2.Rates of selection across participant groups
Table 3.Results of the mixed-effects logistic regressions for preterite
allowed
Table 4.Results of the mixed-effects logistic regressions for imperfect
allowed
Table 1.Overall CR affordance usage
Table 2.CR affordance usage per avatar
Table 3.Behavior patterns of CR affordance usage
Table 4.Behavior pattern relationship to pragmatic gains
Table 5.Correct request relationship to pragmatic gains
Table 6.Correct request and 2 correct CR answers relationship
to pragmatic gains
Table 7.Type of CR question relationship to gains
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