753029751 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 235 Eb 15 9789027247018 06 10.1075/slcs.235 13 2024004910 DG 002 02 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 235 01 slcs.235 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.235 1 B01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey University of Florida 2 B01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh University of Amsterdam 01 eng 356 xi 344 LAN009060 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.AFAS Afro-Asiatic languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This book discusses patterns of predication and their grammatical and semantic implications in a variety of African languages. It covers several prominent topics about predication in the languages, including locative predication, expressions of tense, aspect, and mood in relation to verbal complexes and verb serialisation, verb semantics, and nominalization of predicates. The chapters take inspiration from Felix Ameka’s approach to the study of language according to which the main task of a linguist is to collaborate with language users to understand communicative practices in different contexts and to uncover how these practices impact grammatical and semantic aspects of the language. Accordingly, the descriptions and analyses in this book serve to understand language variation in different ecologies, rather than to impose pre-established descriptive frames on less described languages. Together, the chapters in the book represent a bird’s eye view of predication strategies in various African languages and can therefore serve as readings for both introductory and advanced level courses on predication from a typological or comparative perspective. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.235.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214706.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214706.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.235.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.235.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.235.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.235.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.235.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 1 10 01 JB code slcs.235.ack vii viii 2 Acknowledgments 2 10 01 JB code slcs.235.for ix xii 4 Foreword 3 1 A01 Fiona Mc Laughlin Mc Laughlin, Fiona Fiona Mc Laughlin University of Florida 10 01 JB code slcs.235.int 1 17 17 Chapter 4 1 A01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey 2 A01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p1 19 1 Section header 5 10 01 JB code slcs.235.01def 20 42 23 Chapter 6 1 A01 Rebecca Defina Defina, Rebecca Rebecca Defina 2 A01 Mark Dingemanse Dingemanse, Mark Mark Dingemanse 3 A01 Saskia van Putten Putten, Saskia van Saskia van Putten 20 Avatime 20 collaborative fieldwork 20 interdisciplinarity 20 multiple methods 20 Siwu 01 Linguistic fieldwork is increasingly moving forward from the traditional model of lone fieldworker with a notebook to collaborative projects with key roles for native speakers and other experts and involving the use of different kinds of stimulus-based elicitation methods as well as extensive video documentation. Several cohorts of colleagues and students have been influenced by this inclusive and interdisciplinary view of linguistic fieldwork. We describe the challenges and benefits of doing multi-methods collaborative fieldwork. As linguistics inevitably moves into the direction of multiple methods, interdisciplinarity and team science, now is the time to reflect critically on how best to contribute to a cumulative science of language. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p2 43 1 Section header 7 10 01 JB code slcs.235.02dim 44 73 30 Chapter 8 1 A01 Gerrit J. Dimmendaal Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. Gerrit J. Dimmendaal 2 A01 Gertrud Schneider-Blum Schneider-Blum, Gertrud Gertrud Schneider-Blum 20 auto-anonym 20 constructions 20 heterosemy 20 idioms 20 Katloid 20 positional verbs 20 semantic extension 20 Tima 01 Tima (Niger-Congo, Sudan), has three copulae playing a central role in locative expressions. The number-sensitive copulae, <i>ŋ̀kɔ́</i> ‘<sc>cop:sg</sc>’ and <i>ɲ̀cɛ́</i> ‘<sc>cop:pl</sc>’, primarily link two non-verbal phrases. The third copula, <i>ŋ̀kwíyʌ̀</i> ‘<sc>cop</sc>’, indicates existence or availability. We discuss the distribution of these copulae in their core functions, in their extended uses as tense-aspect markers and consecutive marker, thereby illustrating instances of heterosemy, as well as their relation to focus marking. <br />Furthermore, five positional verbs play a role in locative expressions: <i>hɘ́làk</i> ‘stay, remain, reside’, <i>hʊ̀ndɔ́nɔ́</i>/<i>hɘ̀ndáná</i> ‘sit (down)’, <i>dʊ́wà</i> ‘stand (up)’, <i>(k)ʌ́t̪ù</i> ‘lie (down)’, and <i>túùh</i> ‘hang (up) (<sc>plur</sc>)’. The broad use of these verbs is also investigated, particularly in combination with specifying adverbs in order to describe collocational probabilities and restrictions. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.03ati 74 98 25 Chapter 9 1 A01 Samuel Awinkene Atintono Atintono, Samuel Awinkene Samuel Awinkene Atintono Accra College of Education 2 A01 Dorothy Agyepong Agyepong, Dorothy Dorothy Agyepong University of Ghana 3 A01 Promise Kpoglu Kpoglu, Promise Promise Kpoglu 20 Asante-Twi 20 Basic Locative Construction 20 Gurenɛ 20 locative verbs 20 Tongugbe 01 The chapter examines the basic locative construction (BLC) in three Niger Congo languages spoken in Ghana: Gurenɛ, Asante-Twi and Tongugbe, and discusses the semantics of the verbs that occur within the construction. Using data elicited with a similar set of locative verb stimuli, we demonstrate that the languages differ in the number and type of verbs that occur in the BLC. While Asante-Twi and Gurenɛ employ mostly positional verbs in the BLC, Tongugbe, similar to the other Ewe varieties, uses the locative predicate. Constructionally, the BLCs in all three languages are similar, that is, each of the languages instantiate the schema NP V PostP. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.04bob 99 127 29 Chapter 10 1 A01 Mercy Bobuafor Bobuafor, Mercy Mercy Bobuafor University Of Ghana 2 A01 Yvonne Agbetsoamedo Agbetsoamedo, Yvonne Yvonne Agbetsoamedo University Of Ghana 20 adposition 20 grammaticalization 20 Kwa 20 Sɛlɛɛ 20 Tafi 01 The main goal of this paper is to describe and compare the adposition classes of two Ghana-Togo Mountain (GTM) languages: Tafi (KA-GTM) and Sɛlɛɛ (NA-GTM). The core of the preposition classes in the two languages consists of a (general) locative and comitative prepositions, with Tafi showing the grammaticalization of a number of verb forms into prepositions. Both languages exhibit the postpositional use of body part nouns and locatives. There are debates as to whether Kwa languages have two classes of adpositions. The paper argues that both languages indeed have two adposition classes – prepositions and postpositions and shows the asymmetry in the distribution of the members of each class in both languages. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.05abo 128 151 24 Chapter 11 1 A01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh 2 A01 Felix K. Ameka Ameka, Felix K. Felix K. Ameka 3 A01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey 20 adpositions 20 grammaticalization 20 postpositions 20 prepositions 20 SVC 01 Gbe languages have two classes of adpositions, namely prepositions and postpositions that have been argued to have developed from verbs and nouns, respectively. Focusing on the former, we highlight the functions of the forms across Gbe using examples from Eastern Gbe (e.g., Gungbe) and Western Gbe (e.g., Ewegbe). We further show that verb-to-preposition shift is gradual: some of the forms (e.g., ablative) are not fully grammaticalised in all the languages. Likewise, the process is associated with a semantic change from “temporal predicate” in Serial Verb Constructions (SVC) to a more abstract atemporal predicate, which is also reflected in the loss of the power of the verbal element to take aspectual inflections or markers. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p3 153 1 Section header 12 10 01 JB code slcs.235.06yak 154 188 35 Chapter 13 1 A01 Kofi Yakpo Yakpo, Kofi Kofi Yakpo 20 areal typology 20 Bantu 20 Creole 20 English 20 Krio 20 language contact 20 Pichi 20 Spanish 01 The two related English-lexifier creole languages Krio (Sierra Leone) and Pichi (Equatorial Guinea) have diverged due to differing contact ecologies since their split in the 19th century. Krio is spoken alongside its lexifier English as well as Atlantic and Mande adstrates. Pichi is spoken alongside Bantu adstrates and has been in contact with its superstrate Spanish, but not with English. I analyse and compare tense, aspect, and mood categories as well as participant marking and serial verb constructions to show that (a) Krio has become more similar to English than Pichi to Spanish because existing overlaps between creole and lexifier forms have facilitated transfer; (b) both Krio and Pichi have, respectively, aligned themselves with the Macro-Sudan and Bantu spread zone typological profiles of their ecologies. I interpret the findings via the stratal-areal contact model (Yakpo 2017a) to explain the divergence of Krio and Pichi as part of the differentiation of the whole African Caribbean English Creole cluster. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.07kot 189 221 33 Chapter 14 1 A01 Ryan J.S. Kotowski Kotowski, Ryan J.S. Ryan J.S. Kotowski 2 A01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh 3 A01 Jan Don Don, Jan Jan Don 20 eventive structure 20 Kwa languages 20 serial verb constructions 01 The Kwa languages (Niger-Congo) of West Africa are well-known for displaying Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs). The literature on SVCs contains various definitions of the phenomenon and recapitulates the general observation that these constructions express fine-grained information about a complex event and the participants involved therein. This paper seeks to shed light on the structure that underlies Take and Give SVCs in Gungbe, a Gbe (Kwa) language spoken in Benin and Nigeria. The examples discussed in the paper demonstrate how Gungbe is able to employ SVCs to encode specific details about the eventive structure. The proposed analysis further sheds light on elements which were classified in the Kwa literature as ‘verbid’ (cf. Ansre 1966) for their ambiguous status between adpositions and lexical verbs. It is argued that the ambiguity reduces to the nature of roots and their functions in Gungbe: the same root can occupy different grammatical functions. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.08sul 222 235 14 Chapter 15 1 A01 Abdul-Razak Sulemana Sulemana, Abdul-Razak Abdul-Razak Sulemana University of Ghana 20 Bùlì 20 Control 20 Reduced complements 20 Restructuring 20 Serial verb constructions 01 This paper discusses a set of constructions I call Reduced Complements (RCs). These are constructions where a verb directly follows another verb making them a subcategory of serial verb constructions (SVCs). Following an approach to restructuring where size reduction arises if not all domains of the clause are projected, I argue that RCs are projections of VP. Thus, RCs are VP complements. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p4 237 1 Section header 16 10 01 JB code slcs.235.09hel 238 262 25 Chapter 17 1 A01 Birgit Hellwig Hellwig, Birgit Birgit Hellwig University of Cologne 20 caused motion 20 Katla 20 lexicalization patterns 20 possession verbs 01 The concepts <sc>bring</sc> and <sc>take</sc> belong to a semantic domain that can be characterized as events of caused accompanied motion in a direction. This contribution investigates the expression of this domain in Katla (Niger-Congo; Sudan) within a corpus of naturalistic data, shows that Katla employs complex expressions (where motion, caused motion and possession verbs combine with venitive and comitative derivational extensions), and relates these findings to recent typological research in this domain. The contribution is set within a research tradition that investigates cross-linguistic lexicalization patterns. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.10ess 263 283 21 Chapter 18 1 A01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey 20 argument structure construction 20 dó 20 Ewegbe 20 monosemy 20 verb semantics 01 Ewe, like many Kwa languages, has very few verbs. Some of them are said to be meaningless or light because they either do not have a translation equivalent in Standard Average European languages (SAE) or, where they do, they appear on the surface to have several meanings. In this paper, I discuss one of these verbs, namely dó. Although Westermann (1933) has only one entry for <i>dó</i>, he provides more than 20 subentries all with different categories of internal arguments. The entries include ‘to stretch out’, ‘trade’, ‘lend’, ‘fix a price’, and ‘plant. Rongier (2015), on the other hand, has more than a hundred entries for <i>dó</i>. Following Ameka (2019), I argue that while the multiple interpretations are presented in the dictionaries as though they are different meanings, they are actually contextual interpretations. I argue that when the argument structure constructions in which the verb occurs, and the semantics of the arguments with which it occurs are taken into consideration, many of the different interpretations that are provided for <i>dó</i> fall out from one invariant meaning. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p5 285 1 Section header 19 10 01 JB code slcs.235.11mou 286 313 28 Chapter 20 1 A01 Maarten Mous Mous, Maarten Maarten Mous Leiden University 2 A01 Chrispina Alphonce Alphonce, Chrispina Chrispina Alphonce The University of Dodoma 20 complementation 20 Cushitic 20 Iraqw 20 nominalisation 20 raising 01 Iraqw has a number of morphological means to derive nouns from verbs. All of these can develop specific meanings but it is the nominalisation that expresses the action of the verb that allows for the expression of arguments, irrespective of the actual nominalisation morpheme. These arguments (patient or agent) can be expressed as possessive elements in noun phrases. Despite the fact that the deverbal noun is fully nominal in morphological characteristics, the deverbal noun can occur in constructions in which its semantic argument (patient or agent) is expressed as an object to the main verb. There are four constructions to integrate a deverbal noun in a clause. We provide an overview of the formal characteristics of these constructions. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.12kor 314 337 24 Chapter 21 1 A01 Sampson Korsah Korsah, Sampson Sampson Korsah University of cape coast 20 depictive 20 Gã 20 nominalised adjective 20 nominaliser 20 predicate 01 This paper offers a new perspective on the derivation and distribution of nominalised adjectives in Gã. It claims that they are formed by combining an adjectival base and the nominaliser morpheme e‑. Observing that the nominaliser has a variant, the paper argues that the occurrence of the two allomorphs is phonologically constrained. In respect of their distribution, the paper argues that properties like number and agreement marking and co-occurrence with determiners suggest that they are true nominals. Nonetheless, we can clearly distinguish them from other morpho-syntactic units in similar structural positions. The paper also provides new empirical insights for reassessing hitherto assumptions about the distribution of such nominals, including their ability to occur as complement of copulas and depictives. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.ai 339 340 2 Index 22 10 01 JB code slcs.235.li 341 1 Index 23 10 01 JB code slcs.235.si 343 344 2 Index 24 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20240718 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027214706 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 125.00 EUR R 01 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 163.00 USD S 768029750 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SLCS 235 Hb 15 9789027214706 13 2024004909 BB 01 SLCS 02 0165-7763 Studies in Language Companion Series 235 01 slcs.235 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/slcs.235 1 B01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey University of Florida 2 B01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh University of Amsterdam 01 eng 356 xi 344 LAN009060 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.AFAS Afro-Asiatic languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This book discusses patterns of predication and their grammatical and semantic implications in a variety of African languages. It covers several prominent topics about predication in the languages, including locative predication, expressions of tense, aspect, and mood in relation to verbal complexes and verb serialisation, verb semantics, and nominalization of predicates. The chapters take inspiration from Felix Ameka’s approach to the study of language according to which the main task of a linguist is to collaborate with language users to understand communicative practices in different contexts and to uncover how these practices impact grammatical and semantic aspects of the language. Accordingly, the descriptions and analyses in this book serve to understand language variation in different ecologies, rather than to impose pre-established descriptive frames on less described languages. Together, the chapters in the book represent a bird’s eye view of predication strategies in various African languages and can therefore serve as readings for both introductory and advanced level courses on predication from a typological or comparative perspective. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/slcs.235.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214706.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214706.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/slcs.235.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/slcs.235.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/slcs.235.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/slcs.235.hb.png 10 01 JB code slcs.235.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 1 10 01 JB code slcs.235.ack vii viii 2 Acknowledgments 2 10 01 JB code slcs.235.for ix xii 4 Foreword 3 1 A01 Fiona Mc Laughlin Mc Laughlin, Fiona Fiona Mc Laughlin University of Florida 10 01 JB code slcs.235.int 1 17 17 Chapter 4 1 A01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey 2 A01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p1 19 1 Section header 5 10 01 JB code slcs.235.01def 20 42 23 Chapter 6 1 A01 Rebecca Defina Defina, Rebecca Rebecca Defina 2 A01 Mark Dingemanse Dingemanse, Mark Mark Dingemanse 3 A01 Saskia van Putten Putten, Saskia van Saskia van Putten 20 Avatime 20 collaborative fieldwork 20 interdisciplinarity 20 multiple methods 20 Siwu 01 Linguistic fieldwork is increasingly moving forward from the traditional model of lone fieldworker with a notebook to collaborative projects with key roles for native speakers and other experts and involving the use of different kinds of stimulus-based elicitation methods as well as extensive video documentation. Several cohorts of colleagues and students have been influenced by this inclusive and interdisciplinary view of linguistic fieldwork. We describe the challenges and benefits of doing multi-methods collaborative fieldwork. As linguistics inevitably moves into the direction of multiple methods, interdisciplinarity and team science, now is the time to reflect critically on how best to contribute to a cumulative science of language. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p2 43 1 Section header 7 10 01 JB code slcs.235.02dim 44 73 30 Chapter 8 1 A01 Gerrit J. Dimmendaal Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. Gerrit J. Dimmendaal 2 A01 Gertrud Schneider-Blum Schneider-Blum, Gertrud Gertrud Schneider-Blum 20 auto-anonym 20 constructions 20 heterosemy 20 idioms 20 Katloid 20 positional verbs 20 semantic extension 20 Tima 01 Tima (Niger-Congo, Sudan), has three copulae playing a central role in locative expressions. The number-sensitive copulae, <i>ŋ̀kɔ́</i> ‘<sc>cop:sg</sc>’ and <i>ɲ̀cɛ́</i> ‘<sc>cop:pl</sc>’, primarily link two non-verbal phrases. The third copula, <i>ŋ̀kwíyʌ̀</i> ‘<sc>cop</sc>’, indicates existence or availability. We discuss the distribution of these copulae in their core functions, in their extended uses as tense-aspect markers and consecutive marker, thereby illustrating instances of heterosemy, as well as their relation to focus marking. <br />Furthermore, five positional verbs play a role in locative expressions: <i>hɘ́làk</i> ‘stay, remain, reside’, <i>hʊ̀ndɔ́nɔ́</i>/<i>hɘ̀ndáná</i> ‘sit (down)’, <i>dʊ́wà</i> ‘stand (up)’, <i>(k)ʌ́t̪ù</i> ‘lie (down)’, and <i>túùh</i> ‘hang (up) (<sc>plur</sc>)’. The broad use of these verbs is also investigated, particularly in combination with specifying adverbs in order to describe collocational probabilities and restrictions. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.03ati 74 98 25 Chapter 9 1 A01 Samuel Awinkene Atintono Atintono, Samuel Awinkene Samuel Awinkene Atintono Accra College of Education 2 A01 Dorothy Agyepong Agyepong, Dorothy Dorothy Agyepong University of Ghana 3 A01 Promise Kpoglu Kpoglu, Promise Promise Kpoglu 20 Asante-Twi 20 Basic Locative Construction 20 Gurenɛ 20 locative verbs 20 Tongugbe 01 The chapter examines the basic locative construction (BLC) in three Niger Congo languages spoken in Ghana: Gurenɛ, Asante-Twi and Tongugbe, and discusses the semantics of the verbs that occur within the construction. Using data elicited with a similar set of locative verb stimuli, we demonstrate that the languages differ in the number and type of verbs that occur in the BLC. While Asante-Twi and Gurenɛ employ mostly positional verbs in the BLC, Tongugbe, similar to the other Ewe varieties, uses the locative predicate. Constructionally, the BLCs in all three languages are similar, that is, each of the languages instantiate the schema NP V PostP. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.04bob 99 127 29 Chapter 10 1 A01 Mercy Bobuafor Bobuafor, Mercy Mercy Bobuafor University Of Ghana 2 A01 Yvonne Agbetsoamedo Agbetsoamedo, Yvonne Yvonne Agbetsoamedo University Of Ghana 20 adposition 20 grammaticalization 20 Kwa 20 Sɛlɛɛ 20 Tafi 01 The main goal of this paper is to describe and compare the adposition classes of two Ghana-Togo Mountain (GTM) languages: Tafi (KA-GTM) and Sɛlɛɛ (NA-GTM). The core of the preposition classes in the two languages consists of a (general) locative and comitative prepositions, with Tafi showing the grammaticalization of a number of verb forms into prepositions. Both languages exhibit the postpositional use of body part nouns and locatives. There are debates as to whether Kwa languages have two classes of adpositions. The paper argues that both languages indeed have two adposition classes – prepositions and postpositions and shows the asymmetry in the distribution of the members of each class in both languages. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.05abo 128 151 24 Chapter 11 1 A01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh 2 A01 Felix K. Ameka Ameka, Felix K. Felix K. Ameka 3 A01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey 20 adpositions 20 grammaticalization 20 postpositions 20 prepositions 20 SVC 01 Gbe languages have two classes of adpositions, namely prepositions and postpositions that have been argued to have developed from verbs and nouns, respectively. Focusing on the former, we highlight the functions of the forms across Gbe using examples from Eastern Gbe (e.g., Gungbe) and Western Gbe (e.g., Ewegbe). We further show that verb-to-preposition shift is gradual: some of the forms (e.g., ablative) are not fully grammaticalised in all the languages. Likewise, the process is associated with a semantic change from “temporal predicate” in Serial Verb Constructions (SVC) to a more abstract atemporal predicate, which is also reflected in the loss of the power of the verbal element to take aspectual inflections or markers. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p3 153 1 Section header 12 10 01 JB code slcs.235.06yak 154 188 35 Chapter 13 1 A01 Kofi Yakpo Yakpo, Kofi Kofi Yakpo 20 areal typology 20 Bantu 20 Creole 20 English 20 Krio 20 language contact 20 Pichi 20 Spanish 01 The two related English-lexifier creole languages Krio (Sierra Leone) and Pichi (Equatorial Guinea) have diverged due to differing contact ecologies since their split in the 19th century. Krio is spoken alongside its lexifier English as well as Atlantic and Mande adstrates. Pichi is spoken alongside Bantu adstrates and has been in contact with its superstrate Spanish, but not with English. I analyse and compare tense, aspect, and mood categories as well as participant marking and serial verb constructions to show that (a) Krio has become more similar to English than Pichi to Spanish because existing overlaps between creole and lexifier forms have facilitated transfer; (b) both Krio and Pichi have, respectively, aligned themselves with the Macro-Sudan and Bantu spread zone typological profiles of their ecologies. I interpret the findings via the stratal-areal contact model (Yakpo 2017a) to explain the divergence of Krio and Pichi as part of the differentiation of the whole African Caribbean English Creole cluster. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.07kot 189 221 33 Chapter 14 1 A01 Ryan J.S. Kotowski Kotowski, Ryan J.S. Ryan J.S. Kotowski 2 A01 Enoch O. Aboh Aboh, Enoch O. Enoch O. Aboh 3 A01 Jan Don Don, Jan Jan Don 20 eventive structure 20 Kwa languages 20 serial verb constructions 01 The Kwa languages (Niger-Congo) of West Africa are well-known for displaying Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs). The literature on SVCs contains various definitions of the phenomenon and recapitulates the general observation that these constructions express fine-grained information about a complex event and the participants involved therein. This paper seeks to shed light on the structure that underlies Take and Give SVCs in Gungbe, a Gbe (Kwa) language spoken in Benin and Nigeria. The examples discussed in the paper demonstrate how Gungbe is able to employ SVCs to encode specific details about the eventive structure. The proposed analysis further sheds light on elements which were classified in the Kwa literature as ‘verbid’ (cf. Ansre 1966) for their ambiguous status between adpositions and lexical verbs. It is argued that the ambiguity reduces to the nature of roots and their functions in Gungbe: the same root can occupy different grammatical functions. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.08sul 222 235 14 Chapter 15 1 A01 Abdul-Razak Sulemana Sulemana, Abdul-Razak Abdul-Razak Sulemana University of Ghana 20 Bùlì 20 Control 20 Reduced complements 20 Restructuring 20 Serial verb constructions 01 This paper discusses a set of constructions I call Reduced Complements (RCs). These are constructions where a verb directly follows another verb making them a subcategory of serial verb constructions (SVCs). Following an approach to restructuring where size reduction arises if not all domains of the clause are projected, I argue that RCs are projections of VP. Thus, RCs are VP complements. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p4 237 1 Section header 16 10 01 JB code slcs.235.09hel 238 262 25 Chapter 17 1 A01 Birgit Hellwig Hellwig, Birgit Birgit Hellwig University of Cologne 20 caused motion 20 Katla 20 lexicalization patterns 20 possession verbs 01 The concepts <sc>bring</sc> and <sc>take</sc> belong to a semantic domain that can be characterized as events of caused accompanied motion in a direction. This contribution investigates the expression of this domain in Katla (Niger-Congo; Sudan) within a corpus of naturalistic data, shows that Katla employs complex expressions (where motion, caused motion and possession verbs combine with venitive and comitative derivational extensions), and relates these findings to recent typological research in this domain. The contribution is set within a research tradition that investigates cross-linguistic lexicalization patterns. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.10ess 263 283 21 Chapter 18 1 A01 James Essegbey Essegbey, James James Essegbey 20 argument structure construction 20 dó 20 Ewegbe 20 monosemy 20 verb semantics 01 Ewe, like many Kwa languages, has very few verbs. Some of them are said to be meaningless or light because they either do not have a translation equivalent in Standard Average European languages (SAE) or, where they do, they appear on the surface to have several meanings. In this paper, I discuss one of these verbs, namely dó. Although Westermann (1933) has only one entry for <i>dó</i>, he provides more than 20 subentries all with different categories of internal arguments. The entries include ‘to stretch out’, ‘trade’, ‘lend’, ‘fix a price’, and ‘plant. Rongier (2015), on the other hand, has more than a hundred entries for <i>dó</i>. Following Ameka (2019), I argue that while the multiple interpretations are presented in the dictionaries as though they are different meanings, they are actually contextual interpretations. I argue that when the argument structure constructions in which the verb occurs, and the semantics of the arguments with which it occurs are taken into consideration, many of the different interpretations that are provided for <i>dó</i> fall out from one invariant meaning. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.p5 285 1 Section header 19 10 01 JB code slcs.235.11mou 286 313 28 Chapter 20 1 A01 Maarten Mous Mous, Maarten Maarten Mous Leiden University 2 A01 Chrispina Alphonce Alphonce, Chrispina Chrispina Alphonce The University of Dodoma 20 complementation 20 Cushitic 20 Iraqw 20 nominalisation 20 raising 01 Iraqw has a number of morphological means to derive nouns from verbs. All of these can develop specific meanings but it is the nominalisation that expresses the action of the verb that allows for the expression of arguments, irrespective of the actual nominalisation morpheme. These arguments (patient or agent) can be expressed as possessive elements in noun phrases. Despite the fact that the deverbal noun is fully nominal in morphological characteristics, the deverbal noun can occur in constructions in which its semantic argument (patient or agent) is expressed as an object to the main verb. There are four constructions to integrate a deverbal noun in a clause. We provide an overview of the formal characteristics of these constructions. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.12kor 314 337 24 Chapter 21 1 A01 Sampson Korsah Korsah, Sampson Sampson Korsah University of cape coast 20 depictive 20 Gã 20 nominalised adjective 20 nominaliser 20 predicate 01 This paper offers a new perspective on the derivation and distribution of nominalised adjectives in Gã. It claims that they are formed by combining an adjectival base and the nominaliser morpheme e‑. Observing that the nominaliser has a variant, the paper argues that the occurrence of the two allomorphs is phonologically constrained. In respect of their distribution, the paper argues that properties like number and agreement marking and co-occurrence with determiners suggest that they are true nominals. Nonetheless, we can clearly distinguish them from other morpho-syntactic units in similar structural positions. The paper also provides new empirical insights for reassessing hitherto assumptions about the distribution of such nominals, including their ability to occur as complement of copulas and depictives. 10 01 JB code slcs.235.ai 339 340 2 Index 22 10 01 JB code slcs.235.li 341 1 Index 23 10 01 JB code slcs.235.si 343 344 2 Index 24 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20240718 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 775 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 35 01 02 JB 1 00 125.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 132.50 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 02 02 JB 1 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 163.00 USD