135029139 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CHLEL XXXIV Eb 15 9789027247292 06 10.1075/chlel.xxxiv 13 2023050431 DG 002 02 01 CHLEL 02 0238-0668 Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages XXXIV 01 chlel.xxxiv 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/chlel.xxxiv 1 B01 Francesco Stella Stella, Francesco Francesco Stella University of Siena 2 B01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová Charles University, Prague 3 B01 Danuta Shanzer Shanzer, Danuta Danuta Shanzer University of Vienna 01 eng 724 xviii 706 LIT004190 v.2006 DSBB 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.CLASS Classical literature & literary studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.MED Medieval literature & literary studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.ROM Romance literature & literary studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 06 01 The textual heritage of Medieval Latin is one of the greatest reservoirs of human culture. Repertories list more than 16,000 authors from about 20 modern countries. Until now, there has been no introduction to this world in its full geographical extension. Forty contributors fill this gap by adopting a new perspective, making available to specialists (but also to the interested public) new materials and insights. The project presents an overview of Medieval (and post-medieval) Latin Literatures as a global phenomenon including both Europe and extra-European regions. It serves as an introduction to medieval Latin's complex and multi-layered culture, whose attraction has been underestimated until now. Traditional overviews mostly flatten specificities, yet in many countries medieval Latin literature is still studied with reference to the local history. Thus the first section presents 20 regional surveys, including chapters on authors and works of Latin Literature in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas. Subsequent chapters highlight shared patterns of circulation, adaptation, and exchange, and underline the appeal of medieval intermediality, as evidenced in manuscripts, maps, scientific treatises and iconotexts, and its performativity in narrations, theatre, sermons and music. The last section deals with literary “interfaces,” that is motifs or characters that exemplify the double-sided or the long-term transformations of medieval Latin mythologemes in vernacular culture, both early modern and modern, such as the legends about King Arthur, Faust, and Hamlet. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/chlel.xxxiv.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214478.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214478.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/chlel.xxxiv.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/chlel.xxxiv.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/chlel.xxxiv.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/chlel.xxxiv.hb.png 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.for ix xviii 10 Foreword 1 1 A01 Francesco Stella Stella, Francesco Francesco Stella 2 A01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová 3 A01 Danuta Shanzer Shanzer, Danuta Danuta Shanzer 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p1 Section header 2 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.01bou 3 12 10 Chapter 3 1 A01 Pascale Bourgain Bourgain, Pascale Pascale Bourgain École nationale des chartes 20 aesthetics 20 allegory 20 anonymity 20 classical heritage 20 Latin literature 20 orality 20 text transmission 01 There are four intersecting approaches to medieval Latin literature: Latinists now study the life of Latin in its entirety from both a linguistic and an aesthetic point of view; Romance specialists are interested in Latin as the point of origin, and ethnologists as a medium of transmission; historians are beginning to consider the development of narrative and its poetization as a historical subject in its own right; historians of intellectual life appreciate the cultural transmission through the refinements and transformations of a textual heritage that is constantly being reconsidered. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p1a Section header 4 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.02bis 15 51 37 Chapter 5 1 A01 Armando Bisanti Bisanti, Armando Armando Bisanti Università di Palermo 20 Carolingian literature 20 Latin poetry 20 Lombard Italy 20 Ostrogothic Italy 20 pre-humanistic Latin literature 01 This chapter traces a synthetic picture of Latin literature in Italy between the fifth and fourteenth centuries in its relations with political and cultural history. Generally speaking, the development of medieval Latin literature in Italy is examined with reference to literary genres and geographical areas, with particular attention to <i>auctores</i> and their works. Among the most significant authors are Boethius, Cassiodorus, Venantius Fortunatus, Gregory the Great, Paul the Deacon, Liutprand of Cremona, Peter of Eboli, Salimbene, Iacopo da Varazze, Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.03gir 52 72 21 Chapter 6 1 A01 Cédric Giraud Giraud, Cédric Cédric Giraud Université de Génève 20 ars dictaminis 20 biblical culture 20 Carolingian renaissance 20 Medieval schools 20 twelfth century renaissance 01 This chapter takes a chronological journey through the history of medieval Latin in France, focusing on the great Renaissance periods of the ninth and twelfth centuries. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of educational institutions in fostering the growth of intellectual life and, by extension, literary culture. The end of the Middle Ages is not neglected because, despite the undeniable rise of French in the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries, Latin retained its traditional place at the top of the language ladder and consolidated its role as the language of national and international scholarly communication. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.04mai 73 120 48 Chapter 7 1 A01 Daniela Mairhofer Mairhofer, Daniela Daniela Mairhofer Princeton University 20 Austria 20 Christian literature 20 Germany 20 Latin language and literature 20 Latin manuscripts 20 literary history 20 Middle Ages 20 monasteries 20 scriptoria 20 secular literature 20 textual transmission 01 This chapter deals with the Medieval Latin language and literature in modern-day Germany and Austria. The first part focuses on the development of the Latin language and literature in those places, while the second part offers a survey of texts relevant from a literary and cultural perspective, which are arranged by genre and discussed in the context of Medieval Latin literary history more generally. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.05sto 121 134 14 Chapter 8 1 A01 Peter Stotz Stotz, Peter Peter Stotz 20 didactic poetry 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 liturgical poetry 20 lyric poetry 20 Switzerland 20 theological treatises 01 The territory now known as Switzerland was a contact zone for a range of ethnicities, linguistic areas and literary influences. There was no such thing as a specifically Swiss literary landscape in the Latin Middle Ages. Nor did the first beginnings of the formation of a state come into view until the late Middle Ages. In the western areas, significant influence from Gaul/France can be detected. The south-east belongs to the Rhaeto-Romance cultural area. In the east, settled by the Alemanni, the environs of Lake Constance, with the abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau, were highly productive. Basel was oriented towards the north and the Upper Rhine. Literature was first produced in monasteries and bishoprics, later increasingly in towns. The most popular genres were hagiography and regional historiography, followed by spiritual poetry, theological and profane literature, and didactic poetry. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.06per 135 157 23 Chapter 9 1 A01 Carlos Pérez González Pérez González, Carlos Carlos Pérez González Universidad de Burgos 20 Iberian Peninsula 20 Latin literature 20 literary genres 20 Middle Ages 20 prose 20 Spain 20 verse 01 In the present study, as complete a panorama as possible is offered of the literary production, in the language of Latin, within the Iberian Peninsula (Hispania) from sixth down to the fourteenth century. The journey through the Latin literature of Medieval Hispania follows a chronological timeline within which the production is divided into literary genres and/or authors. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.07alb 158 167 10 Chapter 10 1 A01 Paulo Farmhouse Alberto Alberto, Paulo Farmhouse Paulo Farmhouse Alberto Universidade de Lisboa 20 artes liberales 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 Iberian Peninsula 20 Portugal 01 This brief overview of the literary production of medieval Portugal shows the paths of continuity and communication with the production of other territories in the Iberian Peninsula and beyond into medieval Europe. The same genres and topics, the same anxieties and expectations, were dealt with by scholars from similar angles and using the same language, within a constant exchange of ideas and texts comprehensible to all, in a period when educated Europe shared the same cultural patterns and language. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.08mor 168 176 9 Chapter 11 1 A01 Pádraic Moran Moran, Pádraic Pádraic Moran University of Galway 20 Adomnán 20 Columbanus 20 Eriugena 20 Gerald of Wales 20 Hiberno-Latin 20 Hisperica Famina 20 Insular Latin 20 Ireland 20 Patrick 20 Scoti 20 Scotland 20 Wales 01 This chapter examines the historical significance of the Latin language in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales during the medieval period. It provides a historical overview of the linguistic and cultural connections between these regions, surveying the arrival of Latin literary culture and the subsequent development of native Latin scholarship, most notably in the fields of grammar, computistics, biblical exegesis, and hagiography. The chapter also gives a summary account of the characteristic features of Hiberno-Latin in particular, with regard to phonology and orthography, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and stylistics. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.09din 177 198 22 Chapter 12 1 A01 Greti Dinkova-Bruun Dinkova-Bruun, Greti Greti Dinkova-Bruun PIMS 20 “hisperic” Latin 20 Anglo-Latin 20 Anglo-Norman 20 Benedictine Reform 20 Norman Conquest 20 Northumbria 01 This chapter offers an overview of the Latin literary production in medieval England, from the mid-sixth to the early fifteenth century. The chapter is divided into two main chronological units separated by the year of the Norman Conquest, 1066. Each section is further subdivided into shorter time periods, in which the main literary figures and the most important cultural and political events are presented accompanied by a brief analysis of their significance and influence. Anglo-Latin literature is marked by the complex linguistic reality on the island where Latin was introduced as a foreign language. In consequence, the interaction between the Latin idiom and the various local languages created linguistic and cultural challenges that had to be skillfully negotiated and creatively resolved. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.10dol 199 206 8 Chapter 13 1 A01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová Univerzita Karlova, Praha 20 Bohemia 20 Charles IV 20 Cosmas of Prague 20 Czech 20 Hussites 20 Moravia 20 Prague 20 Prague University 01 The study presents a brief overview of Latin literature in the Czech lands from its beginnings at the end of the tenth century until ca. 1526. Special attention is paid to its blossoming during the reign of Charles IV (1346–1378), as well as to the European anomaly – the Hussite movement – during the fifteenth century. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.11woj 207 213 7 Chapter 14 1 A01 Rafal Wójcik Wójcik, Rafal Rafal Wójcik Adam Mickiewicz University 20 Cracow 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 Poland 20 university 01 The paper presents a brief review of Latin literature in Poland from its origins (the second half of the tenth century) until 1543 (the year traditionally considered the end of the Middle Ages in Poland). The study points especially to chronicles from the early medieval period, as well as to so called late Middle Ages in Poland, ca. 1440–1543. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.12kis 214 220 7 Chapter 15 1 A01 Farkas Gábor Kiss Kiss, Farkas Gábor Farkas Gábor Kiss Institut of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 Hungary 20 sermons 01 This chapter offers a survey of the most important literary texts composed in Hungary from the time of the foundation of a Christian state (1000) to the end of the medieval kingdom, marked by the defeat at the battle of Mohács (1526). The survey is structured according to genres, dealing with the Biblical meditations of St Gerard of Csanád, legends of local saints, historiography, and sermon literature. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.13mor 221 234 14 Chapter 16 1 A01 Lars Boje Mortensen Mortensen, Lars Boje Lars Boje Mortensen South Denmark University 20 book history 20 Latin 20 Nordic literature 20 Scandinavia 01 This chapter surveys Latin writing in the Nordic countries from the late 11th-century beginnings to the introduction of print. The story is told from a book-historical perspective rather than one of traditional literary history. Instead of following each modern Nordic country separately, it attempts to see common developments in a five-step chronology. The emphasis is on local text production and on the circulation of books of foreign origin as well as on the interaction, mainly from the 13th century onwards, between Latin and the vernacular languages used for books (Old Norse, Old Danish, Old Swedish). 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.14bug 235 250 16 Chapter 17 1 A01 Piero Bugiani Bugiani, Piero Piero Bugiani SISMEL 20 Baltics 20 chronicles 20 colonization 20 crusades 20 ethnography 20 Henry of Livonia 20 Hermann of Wartberge 20 historiography 20 Peter of Dusburg 01 Latin literature from the Baltic countries is inextricably tied up with the German crusaders and the religious orders that accompanied them. Their interests are reflected in their writings, which are predominantly either historical and ethnographic or devotional. The chronicles and histories often display the biases and agendas of their authors, serving as ammunition in a rivalry between the various crusading orders and the newly established episcopates, all vying for authority. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p1b Section header 18 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.15bis 253 263 11 Chapter 19 1 A01 Armando Bisanti Bisanti, Armando Armando Bisanti Universit� di Palermo 20 Anthologia Latina 20 Corippus 20 Dracontius 20 Fulgentius 20 Latin literature 20 Vandal Africa 01 After a brief introduction on the developments of Latin literature in Roman Africa and the problem of <i>Africitas</i>, this chapter traces a synthetic picture of Latin literature in Africa under the Vandalic domination (fifth-sixth century), in its relations with political and cultural history. The progress of Latin literature in Africa under the Vandals is examined with particular attention to <i>auctores</i> and their works. Among the most significant writers are Dracontius, Fulgentius, Corippus and the poets of the <i>Antologia Latina</i> (especially Luxorius). 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.16dan 264 283 20 Chapter 20 1 A01 Edoardo D’Angelo D’Angelo, Edoardo Edoardo D’Angelo Universit� Suor Orsola Benincasa 20 crusades 20 Latin East 20 Latin literature 20 Middle East 20 Outremer 01 Literary Latin production of the Middle East during the Crusader period (eleventh-fifteenth century) is surely not extensive, but it exists and is important. Of course, some literary genres in the “Latin East” survive only in French (epic, legal texts, etc.), but several other genres were composed in Latin, such as historiography, theology, poetry, geography and other ones (scientific translations from oriental languages, etc.). 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.17kon 284 295 12 Chapter 21 1 A01 Daniel G. König König, Daniel G. Daniel G. König Universität Konstanz 20 al-Andalus, Arabic–Latin translation 20 ecclesiastical literature 20 Graeco-Arabic science 20 historiography 20 Latin–Arabic translation 20 Latin-Christian expansionism 20 poetry 20 Romance languages 20 scholarly literature 01 Pointing to a millennial history of Latin-Arabic entanglement, the article analyses how Latin literature and the Arabic language influenced each other mutually. It explains the preliminaries of literary entanglement and then deals in chronological order with processes of reception, which led to the Arabization or Latinization of literary works, themes, and forms. The Arabic reception of Latin works was channelled by the explicit Christian character of medieval Latin literature, geopolitical shifts, and the increasing relevance of the Romance vernaculars. Latin textual culture, in turn, has benefited more from Arabic than from any other language except Greek. However, processes of reception were much stronger in the field of scholarly works than in the field of literature proper. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.18fis 296 307 12 Chapter 22 1 A01 Susanna Fischer Fischer, Susanna Susanna Fischer Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität 20 East-Asia 20 Egypt 20 Holy land 20 itineraries 20 pilgrimage 20 pilgrimage narratives 20 travel 20 travel reports 20 wonders 01 Different practical aims and motivations that are reflected in Latin travel and pilgrimage literature led to voyages outside Europe in the Middle Ages. The chapter will begin by outlining the nature and content of travel and pilgrimage literature on extra-European travel as well as the development, the continuity and the changes in this genre. A second section addresses transmission, manuscripts, and circulation as well as audience and reception. The focus of pilgrimage narratives widens and also includes non-Christian features at the same time as reports on East-Asia-Travels emerge. To illustrate this development, the depiction of <i>mirabilia</i> in Wilhelm of Boldensele’s and Odoric of Pordenone’s writings are discussed. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.19gol 308 323 16 Chapter 23 1 A01 Noël Golvers Golvers, Noël Noël Golvers Université de Louvain 20 Central Asia 20 China 20 figurism 20 Japan 20 mission reports 20 monographs 20 reception in Europe 20 the mission’s framework 20 translations 20 travelogues 01 This contribution brings a tentative overview of the many images of Asia in the Latin literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, where it constituted a parallel circuit of knowledge alongside works in the vernacular. Here especially the Jesuits would, during ca. 2 centuries, unfold their manifold activities, also in many scientific fields, and observed and studied in depth fundamental aspects of Chinese culture, on which they produced many reports, monographs etc., always in manuscript form, mostly in Latin, in view of a European public, both Jesuit and scholarly. Another voluminous part of their Latin writings consisted of contemporary history (geography, cartography etc.) of China, constituting the framework in which their missions had to work. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.20pit 324 334 11 Chapter 24 1 A01 Stefano Pittaluga Pittaluga, Stefano Stefano Pittaluga Università di Genova 20 “noble savage” 20 Aeneas 20 aurea aetas 20 classical myth 20 discovery of America 20 European travelers 20 Latin “Columbian” epic 20 linguistic communication 20 Native Americans 20 Peter Martyr of Anghiera 20 sixteenth century 01 The paper examines some aspects of the cultural impact of the Discovery of America on European Latin literary production. The difficulties of linguistic communication between European travelers and Native Americans and the solutions adopted in terms of language and vocabulary in the <i>Decades de orbe novo</i> of Peter Martyr of Anghiera are analyzed; in this text some themes are already present that will live on in the Latin epic literature with “Columbian” themes in the sixteenth century, such as the <i>Syphilis</i> by Girolamo Fracastoro, the <i>De navigatione Christophori Columbi</i> by Lorenzo Gambara and the <i>Columbeis</i> by Giulio Cesare Stella. Particular attention is dedicated to the progressive identification of Columbus with the Virgil’s Aeneas (as well as of the oceanic journey with the wanderings of Aeneas in the Mediterranean Sea), and to the birth of the myth of the “noble savage” in relation to the projection of the classical myth of the <i>aurea aetas</i> on the simple and gentle life of Native Americans. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.21ste 335 344 10 Chapter 25 1 A01 Francesco Stella Stella, Francesco Francesco Stella Università di Siena 20 non-native culture 20 post-colonial Middle Ages 20 second language acquisition 20 secundary literature 01 The chapter proposes an unconventional approach to the interpretation of medieval and post-medieval Latin textuality as post-colonial literature, in the sense of “expressed in a cultural system that in the post-Roman age is inevitably different from the writer’s native one and in a language other than the mother tongue”. This approach allows a new understanding of medieval Latin literature and early modernity as a secondary system of cultural production and of language as a communication code that can be analyzed with the linguistic tools of SLA. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p2 Section header 26 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p2a Section header 27 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.22car 349 362 14 Chapter 28 1 A01 Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann Cardelle de Hartmann, Carmen Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann Universität Zürich 20 audiences 20 circulation 20 Latin 20 literacy 20 medieval period 20 orality 01 This chapter begins by discussing methods of elucidating the diffusion of texts and proceeds by examining the material, cultural, and social factors that influenced their circulation. Among the material and economic factors were the cost and availability of writing materials, features such as script and format of books, and the accessibility of libraries and availability of different types of book manufacturing. Since a great part of medieval literature was transmitted orally, there is a complex relationship between oral and written transmission, occasionally switching between Latin and the vernacular languages. Knowledge of Latin was the prerequisite for access to this literature and <i>Latinitas</i> varied greatly according to period, region, and social group. Most Latin texts were written for an individual or a comparatively small audience, but some of them reached broader audiences, depending on the social networks of the authors, their communities, and their dedicatees. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.23dol 363 375 13 Chapter 29 1 A01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová Univerzita Karlova 20 codicology 20 colophons 20 illumination 20 Latin 20 medieval manuscripts 20 multimedia 20 paleography 20 paratext 01 Overviewing their individual features, the study presents medieval manuscripts as complex communication devices and social and cultural phenomena deserving further study outside the technical context of paleography and codicology. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.24bec 376 405 30 Chapter 30 1 A01 Gedeon Becht-Jördens Becht-Jördens, Gedeon Gedeon Becht-Jördens 20 didactic pages and diagrams 20 figure poems 20 illustration of biblical and liturgical books 20 illustration of biographies 20 illustration of popular genres and translations 20 images as commentaries 20 images as support for the “semiliterates” 20 images as symbols of the divine 20 novels and chronicles 20 text and image 20 text-image ensembles 20 text-image-hybrids 01 Since the dawn of literature, text and image have accompanied one another not merely as competing but also as cooperating media. Based on theoretical considerations of their relationship and their expressive possibilities on the one hand, and on the conditions of the culture of writing and images in antiquity and late antique Christianity on the other, this piece portrays the collaboration between text and image to aid the reader across genres and throughout the ages with an outlook towards vernacular literature and translations. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.25ste 406 435 30 Chapter 31 1 A01 Wesley Stevens Stevens, Wesley Wesley Stevens University of Saskatchewan 20 architecture 20 astronomy 20 mathematics 20 music 20 science 01 Life has three spatial dimensions for everyone, as do the cultures we create. And so it was in the Middle Ages. Historians benefit from writings left behind to prove any of their theses, but that was only a part of it. We shall look back to barns, to the bridges which helped them travel hither and yon, and to the buildings which survive. We shall not neglect the mathematics which was required to keep all these constructions standing. Astronomy was developing too, always something new. With quite a lot of singing and dancing to instruments, perhaps music added a fourth dimension to the common life of ordinary people. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.26gau 436 450 15 Chapter 32 1 A01 Patrick Gautier Dalché Gautier Dalché, Patrick Patrick Gautier Dalché CNRS 20 medieval geography 20 medieval mappae mundi 20 medieval schooling 20 symbols of sovereignty 20 T-O diagram 01 The tradition of medieval maps is studied, mainly that of the <i>mappae mundi</i>, representations of the oecumene or the terrestrial sphere. These images, diagrammatic or offering topographical details, originate from the educational tradition of Antiquity. They are found in great numbers in manuscripts, but also in monumental ensembles (religious buildings or palaces). They were constantly reworked according to the interests of their authors and the functions they attributed to them. Their functions are varied: knowledge of the places they depict is a prerequisite for allegorical exegesis; in monasteries, they serve as a support for spiritual practices; sovereignty is justified by domination over a world they represent; military expeditions are planned thanks to the geopolitical vision they provide. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p2b Section header 33 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.27boy 453 464 12 Chapter 34 1 A01 Susan Boynton Boynton, Susan Susan Boynton Columbia University 20 drama 20 hymns 20 liturgy 20 preaching 20 sequences 01 Medieval Latin liturgy, drama, and preaching are living, oral arts of performance as well as texts. They all constitute forms of storytelling and draw on narrative texts. In different yet related ways, liturgy, drama, and preaching are all exegetical in nature and share aspects of Biblical commentary. The written record offers insight into the performance of liturgy, drama, and preaching, which took on their full meaning in the moment of celebration and utterance. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.28bar 465 484 20 Chapter 35 1 A01 Sam Barrett Barrett, Sam Sam Barrett University of Cambridge 20 conductus 20 Latin 20 medieval 20 metra 20 monophony 20 performance 20 rhythmi 20 song 20 versus 01 This essay surveys the performance of monophonic Latin song from the fourth to the thirteenth centuries, investigating the type of songs performed and the range of performance occasions across the period. The focus is primarily on written accounts of song but the characteristic features of surviving medieval melodic traditions are also considered in relation to the training and status of those who created and performed songs. It is argued that the types of Latin songs performed from late antiquity through to the central Middle Ages remained broadly stable but that the forms that songs took were determined by varying historical circumstances. It is also argued that traces left by Latin song in the historical record were shaped by shifting evaluations of song. This survey seeks fresh perspectives by working across conventional boundaries in histories of Latin song, extending backwards beyond music historians’ traditional concentration on recovering and analyzing notated repertories first recorded in the ninth century, looking to trace continuities between late antique and medieval practices, and seeking to establish the range of sung performances of Latin verse at three moments in time. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p3 Section header 36 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.29fer 487 497 11 Chapter 37 1 A01 Joan Ferrante Ferrante, Joan Joan Ferrante Columbia University 20 Herrad of Landsberg 20 Hilldebert of Lavardin 20 Hrotswit 20 Middle Ages 20 Muriel 20 queen Radegund 20 Venantius Fotuatus 20 women writers 01 This contribution reviews the roles of women in medieval Latin literature (history, poetry and religious texts), as composers of texts and as inspirers or provokers of men’s texts. It also notes texts that are no longer extant but whose existence and sometimes quality is known because they are referred to in the works of men who received them. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.30cor 498 506 9 Chapter 38 1 A01 Ian Cornelius Cornelius, Ian Ian Cornelius Loyola University 20 Aelius Donatus 20 arts of poetry and prose 20 cosmopolitan language 20 grammar 20 language ecology 20 Old Norse 20 poetics 20 rhetoric 20 style 20 vernaculars 01 The concept of literary ecology is developed as an instrument for large-scale literary study by Alexander Beecroft (2015), for whom the metaphor emphasizes the great diversity of world literatures and the possibility of organizing this diversity into cultural types, analogous to the biologist’s ecotypes. For a study of Latin poetics, the most important typological distinction is between cosmopolitan and vernacular languages. Latin acquired an articulated body of stylistic norms (“poetics”) in antiquity as a vernacular language; subsequent developments in Latin poetics were conditioned by the language’s acquisition of cosmopolitan characteristics. I explore the consequences of that shift; texts discussed include Donatus’s <i>Ars maior</i>, the twelfth- and thirteenth-century arts of poetry and prose, Óláfr Þórðarson’s treatise on Icelandic poetics, and Dante’s <i>De vulgari eloquentia</i>. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.31bar 507 522 16 Chapter 39 1 A01 Elisabetta Bartoli Bartoli, Elisabetta Elisabetta Bartoli Univerità di Siena 20 ars dictandi 20 consolation letters 20 letters collection 20 literacy 20 love letters 20 medieval history 20 medieval letters 20 medieval power 20 rhetoric 20 women’s writing 01 This essay contains, in the first part, a chronological <i>excursus</i> (late 11th-late 13th century) dedicated to the <i>ars dictandi</i>, the medieval <i>ars</i> that teaches epistolography and the editing of prose texts; the most significant masters and the most important works are illustrated, from Alberico di Montecassino to Pier della Vigna and Tommaso di Capua. In the second part, on the basis of contemporary studies, a panorama of comparative research carried out or to be carried out on the materials of <i>ars dictandi</i> is traced; these researches demonstrate the richness of the epistolographic texts and the possibility of analysis from different perspectives, for example from the historical, sociological, juridical, documentary, rhetorical-literary, linguistic point of view and so on. The bibliography, necessarily selective, is however attentive to the new <i>editiones principes</i> and the most recent essays. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.32wes 523 539 17 Chapter 40 1 A01 Willum Westenholz Westenholz, Willum Willum Westenholz Universität Wien 20 authenticating devices 20 fiction 20 history 20 modes of reading 01 This piece explores some of the devices used by Medieval historiographers to assure their audience of the veracity of the contents of their narratives. It outlines central Medieval concepts of truth, lies, and fiction, the marvelous and the wondrous, and the standards for historicity and for credibility. The article highlights the pains the authors took to ensure that the readers placed their belief in what was told to them. This leads to a final question. Could the same strategies that were employed to establish a contract of veridiction be employed to establish a much more limited form of narrative truth, the suspension of disbelief? As is shown, these strategies are found in some truly incredible texts. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.33bas 540 554 15 Chapter 41 1 A01 Gaston Javier Basile Basile, Gaston Javier Gaston Javier Basile Universidad de Buenos Aires 20 continuity 20 discontinuity 20 humanism 20 humanism and language 20 humanism and scholasticism 20 humanistic education 20 Renaissance 20 studia humanitatis 01 The article reviews the scholarly discussions regarding the definition and characteristics of humanism by focusing on the continuity and discontinuity theses, as well as the ideological and disciplinary implications that have shaped the intellectual field among medievalists and Renaissance scholars over two centuries. The conservative features of Italian humanism can be traced in the endurance of scholastic teaching in universities, medieval patterns of thought, pedagogical methods and traditional curriculum design. On the other hand, Italian humanism evinced an innovative meta-linguistic awareness that took the form of unprecedented debates on the historicity and status of languages, fostered new reading methods, rigorous philological approaches and a wide-ranging translation agenda. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p4 Section header 42 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.34ver 557 577 21 Chapter 43 1 A01 Wim Verbaal Verbaal, Wim Wim Verbaal Ghent University 20 grammaticalization 20 Latin 20 literarization 20 literization 20 standardization 20 vernacularisation 01 This contribution attempts to problematize the concept of vernacularization during the Western Middle Ages. Taking modern research on endangered languages as its point of departure, it distinguishes between two periods of vernacularisation, the earlier one determined by the desire to standardize vernacular writing (literization), the other one by a factor of literarization, i.e., creating a literary language and field. In both periods, Latin as the hegemonic language constitutes the catalyst for these processes as they develop within the vernacular field. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.35ray 578 587 10 Chapter 44 1 A01 Lourdes Raya Fages Raya Fages, Lourdes Lourdes Raya Fages Universidad de Murcia 2 A01 Pablo Piqueras Yagüe Piqueras Yagüe, Pablo Pablo Piqueras Yagüe Universidad de Murcia 20 Briseis 20 epic 20 medieval literature 20 Troilus 20 Trojan cycle 20 Trojan war 01 This chapter analyzes the figure of Troilus and the motif of the love triangle, consisting of him, Briseis, and Diomedes from the <i>De excidio Troiae</i> of Dares Phrygius to contemporary literature. We focus specifically on the medieval works that influenced the representation of these three characters and their relationship. We examine their roles in Dares’ work, in the <i>Roman de Troie</i> of Benoît de Sainte-Maure, in Guido delle Colonne’s <i>Historia destructionis Troiae</i>, in two epics of the XII and XIII centuries (<i>De bello Troiano</i> of Joseph of Exeter and <i>Troilus</i> of Albert of Stade) and in three more familiar pieces, namely Boccaccio’s <i>Il Filostrato</i>, Chaucer’s <i>Troilus and Criseyde</i>, and Shakespeare’s <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, to end with a quick review of the theme from that moment until the present. The representation of the characters and their triangle was formed in the <i>Roman de Troie</i> following Dares, and each author who developed the story used the tradition but added his own special touches. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.36bay 588 595 8 Chapter 45 1 A01 Martha Bayless Bayless, Martha Martha Bayless University of Oregon 20 demons 20 elves 20 fairies 20 fairy 20 folklore 20 magic 20 otherworld 20 supernatural 20 Walter Map 01 Fairies feature widely in medieval literature, but their appearances in medieval Latin texts provide a special window onto belief in fairies. Since the Latin vocabulary for magical beings in general was largely borrowed from Classical sources, Latin can muddy the semantics of fairy taxonomy. But Latin provides a view that cannot be duplicated by vernacular texts: legal charges and historical accounts, largely in Latin, reveal how fairies were thought to be real, and people’s interaction with them worthy of sanction or of historical notice. Furthermore, many of the earliest attestations of influential themes and motifs first appear in Latin texts, and demonstrate the degree to which stories moved between Latin and the vernaculars, between genres, and between oral and written forms. Latin texts preserve the kind of fairy lore that underlies more modern treatments of fairies, while also serving as testimony to sophisticated ways of thinking about fairies that would otherwise have faded from view. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.37aro 596 605 10 Chapter 46 1 A01 Susan Aronstein Aronstein, Susan Susan Aronstein University of Wyoming 2 A01 Tison Pugh Pugh, Tison Tison Pugh University of Central Florida 20 Arthurian legend 20 Arthurian literature 20 Excalibur 20 Geoffrey of Monmouth 20 Historia regum Britanniae 20 King Arthur 20 medieval literature 01 King Arthur’s legendary sword – <i>Caliburnus</i> in Latin, <i>Caledfwlch</i> in Welsh, <i>Escalibor</i> in Old French, and <i>Excalibur</i> in Middle and Modern English – evolves in its cultural meaning from its earliest depictions in quasi-historical Latin texts through twentieth-century films and novels. As evidenced in a range of sources, including <i>Culhwch ac Olwen</i>, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s <i>Historia regum Britanniae</i>, Sir Thomas Malory’s <i>Morte D’Arthur</i>, Lord Alfred Tennyson’s <i>Idylls of the King</i>, T.H. White’s <i>The Once and Future King</i>, Marion Zimmer Bradley’s <i>The Mists of Avalon</i>, and John Boorman’s <i>Excalibur</i>, Excalibur symbolically confers political and spiritual legitimacy as it assists in defining Arthurian values, with its meaning shifting with the times and the cultural moment in which it (re)appears. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.38kre 606 624 19 Chapter 47 1 A01 Marek Thue Kretschmer Kretschmer, Marek Thue Marek Thue Kretschmer University of Lorraine 20 Baudri of Bourgueil 20 Carmina Burana 20 Godfrey of Reims 20 Hugh Primas 20 Matthew of Vendôme 20 medieval Latin poetry 20 Peter Riga 20 Pierre de Saintes 20 Renaissance of the twelfth century 20 Simon Chèvre d’Or 20 Versus Eporedienses 20 Walter of Châtillon 01 The present chapter discusses Latin poems dealing with the Trojan matter from the rise of such poetry around 1060 up to the early 13th century, when poems in the vernacular become dominating. Discussed poets or anonymous poems (in italics) include Wido of Ivrea, Godfrey of Reims, Baudri of Bourgueil, the <i>Deidamia Achilli</i>, the <i>Heu male te cupimus</i>, the <i>Sub uespere Troianis menibus</i>, the <i>Carmina Burana</i> 92, 99–102, the <i>Anna soror ut quid mori</i>, Hugh Primas, Pierre de Saintes, Peter Riga, the <i>Alea fortunae</i>, Simon Capra Aurea, the <i>Altercatio Ganymedis et Helenae</i>, the <i>Causae Aiacis et Ulixis</i> I–II, the <i>Quis partus Troiae</i> and the <i>Bella minans Asiae</i>. A short postface offers a rapid synopsis of the vernacular literature that marks the late Middle Ages. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.39gio 625 638 14 Chapter 48 1 A01 Chiara della Giovampaola Giovampaola, Chiara della Chiara della Giovampaola Newark High school 20 Danish 20 eloquence 20 fool 20 Hamlet 20 hero 20 myth 20 revenge 20 Saxo Grammaticus 20 Shakespeare 20 source 01 This chapter focuses on Hamlet. The starting point is the Latin account of Saxo Grammaticus, dated to the thirteen century, and the endpoint is Shakespeare’s play. It investigates the relation between the two in terms of similarities and differences regarding the plot and the main characters. The chapter reserves special attention to the theme of pretended madness. Moreover, in comparing the two versions, it aims to track Hamlet’s origins in the Nordic and Roman tradition and the mutations which occurred from Saxo to Shakespeare. It also attempts to explain the reasons for Hamlet’s fortune in Medieval and Modern literature. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.40bau 639 646 8 Chapter 49 1 A01 Manuel Bauer Bauer, Manuel Manuel Bauer 20 curiositas 20 Faust’s medieval predecessors 20 Goethe 20 historical faust/faustus 20 modernity 20 Pact with the devil 20 Pope Joan 20 Renaissance magician 20 Simon Magus 20 Theophilus 01 The magician Faustus (or Faust, as he has been called since the eighteenth century), who enters a pact with the devil, is one of the most famous figures of world literature and can be said to symbolize the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. Even though the Faustus myth is genuinely modern, some medieval origins and predecessors can be identified. The gradual narrative formation of Faustus seems to be based on two literary and historical strands in particular, first the legends surrounding the renaissance magician and secondly medieval devil pact stories. Starting from the earliest sources, this chapter will delineate which characteristics are attributed to Faustus. Subsequently, both the differences and the similarities of medieval devil pact figures as precursors of Faustus will be analysed. In doing so, particular emphasis will be placed on the pivotal aspect of early modern Faust narratives, <i>curiositas</i>. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.bio 647 654 8 Chapter 50 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.index 655 698 44 Index 51 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.il 699 706 8 Index 52 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20240702 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 174 mm 13 15 9789027214478 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 218.00 EUR R 01 00 183.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 285.00 USD S 817029138 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CHLEL XXXIV Hb 15 9789027214478 13 2023050430 BB 01 CHLEL 02 0238-0668 Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages XXXIV 01 chlel.xxxiv 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/chlel.xxxiv 1 B01 Francesco Stella Stella, Francesco Francesco Stella University of Siena 2 B01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová Charles University, Prague 3 B01 Danuta Shanzer Shanzer, Danuta Danuta Shanzer University of Vienna 01 eng 724 xviii 706 LIT004190 v.2006 DSBB 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.CLASS Classical literature & literary studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.MED Medieval literature & literary studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.ROM Romance literature & literary studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 06 01 The textual heritage of Medieval Latin is one of the greatest reservoirs of human culture. Repertories list more than 16,000 authors from about 20 modern countries. Until now, there has been no introduction to this world in its full geographical extension. Forty contributors fill this gap by adopting a new perspective, making available to specialists (but also to the interested public) new materials and insights. The project presents an overview of Medieval (and post-medieval) Latin Literatures as a global phenomenon including both Europe and extra-European regions. It serves as an introduction to medieval Latin's complex and multi-layered culture, whose attraction has been underestimated until now. Traditional overviews mostly flatten specificities, yet in many countries medieval Latin literature is still studied with reference to the local history. Thus the first section presents 20 regional surveys, including chapters on authors and works of Latin Literature in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas. Subsequent chapters highlight shared patterns of circulation, adaptation, and exchange, and underline the appeal of medieval intermediality, as evidenced in manuscripts, maps, scientific treatises and iconotexts, and its performativity in narrations, theatre, sermons and music. The last section deals with literary “interfaces,” that is motifs or characters that exemplify the double-sided or the long-term transformations of medieval Latin mythologemes in vernacular culture, both early modern and modern, such as the legends about King Arthur, Faust, and Hamlet. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/chlel.xxxiv.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214478.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214478.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/chlel.xxxiv.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/chlel.xxxiv.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/chlel.xxxiv.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/chlel.xxxiv.hb.png 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.for ix xviii 10 Foreword 1 1 A01 Francesco Stella Stella, Francesco Francesco Stella 2 A01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová 3 A01 Danuta Shanzer Shanzer, Danuta Danuta Shanzer 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p1 Section header 2 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.01bou 3 12 10 Chapter 3 1 A01 Pascale Bourgain Bourgain, Pascale Pascale Bourgain École nationale des chartes 20 aesthetics 20 allegory 20 anonymity 20 classical heritage 20 Latin literature 20 orality 20 text transmission 01 There are four intersecting approaches to medieval Latin literature: Latinists now study the life of Latin in its entirety from both a linguistic and an aesthetic point of view; Romance specialists are interested in Latin as the point of origin, and ethnologists as a medium of transmission; historians are beginning to consider the development of narrative and its poetization as a historical subject in its own right; historians of intellectual life appreciate the cultural transmission through the refinements and transformations of a textual heritage that is constantly being reconsidered. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p1a Section header 4 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.02bis 15 51 37 Chapter 5 1 A01 Armando Bisanti Bisanti, Armando Armando Bisanti Università di Palermo 20 Carolingian literature 20 Latin poetry 20 Lombard Italy 20 Ostrogothic Italy 20 pre-humanistic Latin literature 01 This chapter traces a synthetic picture of Latin literature in Italy between the fifth and fourteenth centuries in its relations with political and cultural history. Generally speaking, the development of medieval Latin literature in Italy is examined with reference to literary genres and geographical areas, with particular attention to <i>auctores</i> and their works. Among the most significant authors are Boethius, Cassiodorus, Venantius Fortunatus, Gregory the Great, Paul the Deacon, Liutprand of Cremona, Peter of Eboli, Salimbene, Iacopo da Varazze, Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.03gir 52 72 21 Chapter 6 1 A01 Cédric Giraud Giraud, Cédric Cédric Giraud Université de Génève 20 ars dictaminis 20 biblical culture 20 Carolingian renaissance 20 Medieval schools 20 twelfth century renaissance 01 This chapter takes a chronological journey through the history of medieval Latin in France, focusing on the great Renaissance periods of the ninth and twelfth centuries. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of educational institutions in fostering the growth of intellectual life and, by extension, literary culture. The end of the Middle Ages is not neglected because, despite the undeniable rise of French in the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries, Latin retained its traditional place at the top of the language ladder and consolidated its role as the language of national and international scholarly communication. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.04mai 73 120 48 Chapter 7 1 A01 Daniela Mairhofer Mairhofer, Daniela Daniela Mairhofer Princeton University 20 Austria 20 Christian literature 20 Germany 20 Latin language and literature 20 Latin manuscripts 20 literary history 20 Middle Ages 20 monasteries 20 scriptoria 20 secular literature 20 textual transmission 01 This chapter deals with the Medieval Latin language and literature in modern-day Germany and Austria. The first part focuses on the development of the Latin language and literature in those places, while the second part offers a survey of texts relevant from a literary and cultural perspective, which are arranged by genre and discussed in the context of Medieval Latin literary history more generally. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.05sto 121 134 14 Chapter 8 1 A01 Peter Stotz Stotz, Peter Peter Stotz 20 didactic poetry 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 liturgical poetry 20 lyric poetry 20 Switzerland 20 theological treatises 01 The territory now known as Switzerland was a contact zone for a range of ethnicities, linguistic areas and literary influences. There was no such thing as a specifically Swiss literary landscape in the Latin Middle Ages. Nor did the first beginnings of the formation of a state come into view until the late Middle Ages. In the western areas, significant influence from Gaul/France can be detected. The south-east belongs to the Rhaeto-Romance cultural area. In the east, settled by the Alemanni, the environs of Lake Constance, with the abbeys of St. Gall and Reichenau, were highly productive. Basel was oriented towards the north and the Upper Rhine. Literature was first produced in monasteries and bishoprics, later increasingly in towns. The most popular genres were hagiography and regional historiography, followed by spiritual poetry, theological and profane literature, and didactic poetry. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.06per 135 157 23 Chapter 9 1 A01 Carlos Pérez González Pérez González, Carlos Carlos Pérez González Universidad de Burgos 20 Iberian Peninsula 20 Latin literature 20 literary genres 20 Middle Ages 20 prose 20 Spain 20 verse 01 In the present study, as complete a panorama as possible is offered of the literary production, in the language of Latin, within the Iberian Peninsula (Hispania) from sixth down to the fourteenth century. The journey through the Latin literature of Medieval Hispania follows a chronological timeline within which the production is divided into literary genres and/or authors. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.07alb 158 167 10 Chapter 10 1 A01 Paulo Farmhouse Alberto Alberto, Paulo Farmhouse Paulo Farmhouse Alberto Universidade de Lisboa 20 artes liberales 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 Iberian Peninsula 20 Portugal 01 This brief overview of the literary production of medieval Portugal shows the paths of continuity and communication with the production of other territories in the Iberian Peninsula and beyond into medieval Europe. The same genres and topics, the same anxieties and expectations, were dealt with by scholars from similar angles and using the same language, within a constant exchange of ideas and texts comprehensible to all, in a period when educated Europe shared the same cultural patterns and language. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.08mor 168 176 9 Chapter 11 1 A01 Pádraic Moran Moran, Pádraic Pádraic Moran University of Galway 20 Adomnán 20 Columbanus 20 Eriugena 20 Gerald of Wales 20 Hiberno-Latin 20 Hisperica Famina 20 Insular Latin 20 Ireland 20 Patrick 20 Scoti 20 Scotland 20 Wales 01 This chapter examines the historical significance of the Latin language in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales during the medieval period. It provides a historical overview of the linguistic and cultural connections between these regions, surveying the arrival of Latin literary culture and the subsequent development of native Latin scholarship, most notably in the fields of grammar, computistics, biblical exegesis, and hagiography. The chapter also gives a summary account of the characteristic features of Hiberno-Latin in particular, with regard to phonology and orthography, vocabulary, morphology, syntax, and stylistics. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.09din 177 198 22 Chapter 12 1 A01 Greti Dinkova-Bruun Dinkova-Bruun, Greti Greti Dinkova-Bruun PIMS 20 “hisperic” Latin 20 Anglo-Latin 20 Anglo-Norman 20 Benedictine Reform 20 Norman Conquest 20 Northumbria 01 This chapter offers an overview of the Latin literary production in medieval England, from the mid-sixth to the early fifteenth century. The chapter is divided into two main chronological units separated by the year of the Norman Conquest, 1066. Each section is further subdivided into shorter time periods, in which the main literary figures and the most important cultural and political events are presented accompanied by a brief analysis of their significance and influence. Anglo-Latin literature is marked by the complex linguistic reality on the island where Latin was introduced as a foreign language. In consequence, the interaction between the Latin idiom and the various local languages created linguistic and cultural challenges that had to be skillfully negotiated and creatively resolved. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.10dol 199 206 8 Chapter 13 1 A01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová Univerzita Karlova, Praha 20 Bohemia 20 Charles IV 20 Cosmas of Prague 20 Czech 20 Hussites 20 Moravia 20 Prague 20 Prague University 01 The study presents a brief overview of Latin literature in the Czech lands from its beginnings at the end of the tenth century until ca. 1526. Special attention is paid to its blossoming during the reign of Charles IV (1346–1378), as well as to the European anomaly – the Hussite movement – during the fifteenth century. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.11woj 207 213 7 Chapter 14 1 A01 Rafal Wójcik Wójcik, Rafal Rafal Wójcik Adam Mickiewicz University 20 Cracow 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 Poland 20 university 01 The paper presents a brief review of Latin literature in Poland from its origins (the second half of the tenth century) until 1543 (the year traditionally considered the end of the Middle Ages in Poland). The study points especially to chronicles from the early medieval period, as well as to so called late Middle Ages in Poland, ca. 1440–1543. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.12kis 214 220 7 Chapter 15 1 A01 Farkas Gábor Kiss Kiss, Farkas Gábor Farkas Gábor Kiss Institut of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 20 hagiography 20 historiography 20 Hungary 20 sermons 01 This chapter offers a survey of the most important literary texts composed in Hungary from the time of the foundation of a Christian state (1000) to the end of the medieval kingdom, marked by the defeat at the battle of Mohács (1526). The survey is structured according to genres, dealing with the Biblical meditations of St Gerard of Csanád, legends of local saints, historiography, and sermon literature. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.13mor 221 234 14 Chapter 16 1 A01 Lars Boje Mortensen Mortensen, Lars Boje Lars Boje Mortensen South Denmark University 20 book history 20 Latin 20 Nordic literature 20 Scandinavia 01 This chapter surveys Latin writing in the Nordic countries from the late 11th-century beginnings to the introduction of print. The story is told from a book-historical perspective rather than one of traditional literary history. Instead of following each modern Nordic country separately, it attempts to see common developments in a five-step chronology. The emphasis is on local text production and on the circulation of books of foreign origin as well as on the interaction, mainly from the 13th century onwards, between Latin and the vernacular languages used for books (Old Norse, Old Danish, Old Swedish). 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.14bug 235 250 16 Chapter 17 1 A01 Piero Bugiani Bugiani, Piero Piero Bugiani SISMEL 20 Baltics 20 chronicles 20 colonization 20 crusades 20 ethnography 20 Henry of Livonia 20 Hermann of Wartberge 20 historiography 20 Peter of Dusburg 01 Latin literature from the Baltic countries is inextricably tied up with the German crusaders and the religious orders that accompanied them. Their interests are reflected in their writings, which are predominantly either historical and ethnographic or devotional. The chronicles and histories often display the biases and agendas of their authors, serving as ammunition in a rivalry between the various crusading orders and the newly established episcopates, all vying for authority. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p1b Section header 18 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.15bis 253 263 11 Chapter 19 1 A01 Armando Bisanti Bisanti, Armando Armando Bisanti Universit� di Palermo 20 Anthologia Latina 20 Corippus 20 Dracontius 20 Fulgentius 20 Latin literature 20 Vandal Africa 01 After a brief introduction on the developments of Latin literature in Roman Africa and the problem of <i>Africitas</i>, this chapter traces a synthetic picture of Latin literature in Africa under the Vandalic domination (fifth-sixth century), in its relations with political and cultural history. The progress of Latin literature in Africa under the Vandals is examined with particular attention to <i>auctores</i> and their works. Among the most significant writers are Dracontius, Fulgentius, Corippus and the poets of the <i>Antologia Latina</i> (especially Luxorius). 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.16dan 264 283 20 Chapter 20 1 A01 Edoardo D’Angelo D’Angelo, Edoardo Edoardo D’Angelo Universit� Suor Orsola Benincasa 20 crusades 20 Latin East 20 Latin literature 20 Middle East 20 Outremer 01 Literary Latin production of the Middle East during the Crusader period (eleventh-fifteenth century) is surely not extensive, but it exists and is important. Of course, some literary genres in the “Latin East” survive only in French (epic, legal texts, etc.), but several other genres were composed in Latin, such as historiography, theology, poetry, geography and other ones (scientific translations from oriental languages, etc.). 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.17kon 284 295 12 Chapter 21 1 A01 Daniel G. König König, Daniel G. Daniel G. König Universität Konstanz 20 al-Andalus, Arabic–Latin translation 20 ecclesiastical literature 20 Graeco-Arabic science 20 historiography 20 Latin–Arabic translation 20 Latin-Christian expansionism 20 poetry 20 Romance languages 20 scholarly literature 01 Pointing to a millennial history of Latin-Arabic entanglement, the article analyses how Latin literature and the Arabic language influenced each other mutually. It explains the preliminaries of literary entanglement and then deals in chronological order with processes of reception, which led to the Arabization or Latinization of literary works, themes, and forms. The Arabic reception of Latin works was channelled by the explicit Christian character of medieval Latin literature, geopolitical shifts, and the increasing relevance of the Romance vernaculars. Latin textual culture, in turn, has benefited more from Arabic than from any other language except Greek. However, processes of reception were much stronger in the field of scholarly works than in the field of literature proper. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.18fis 296 307 12 Chapter 22 1 A01 Susanna Fischer Fischer, Susanna Susanna Fischer Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität 20 East-Asia 20 Egypt 20 Holy land 20 itineraries 20 pilgrimage 20 pilgrimage narratives 20 travel 20 travel reports 20 wonders 01 Different practical aims and motivations that are reflected in Latin travel and pilgrimage literature led to voyages outside Europe in the Middle Ages. The chapter will begin by outlining the nature and content of travel and pilgrimage literature on extra-European travel as well as the development, the continuity and the changes in this genre. A second section addresses transmission, manuscripts, and circulation as well as audience and reception. The focus of pilgrimage narratives widens and also includes non-Christian features at the same time as reports on East-Asia-Travels emerge. To illustrate this development, the depiction of <i>mirabilia</i> in Wilhelm of Boldensele’s and Odoric of Pordenone’s writings are discussed. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.19gol 308 323 16 Chapter 23 1 A01 Noël Golvers Golvers, Noël Noël Golvers Université de Louvain 20 Central Asia 20 China 20 figurism 20 Japan 20 mission reports 20 monographs 20 reception in Europe 20 the mission’s framework 20 translations 20 travelogues 01 This contribution brings a tentative overview of the many images of Asia in the Latin literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, where it constituted a parallel circuit of knowledge alongside works in the vernacular. Here especially the Jesuits would, during ca. 2 centuries, unfold their manifold activities, also in many scientific fields, and observed and studied in depth fundamental aspects of Chinese culture, on which they produced many reports, monographs etc., always in manuscript form, mostly in Latin, in view of a European public, both Jesuit and scholarly. Another voluminous part of their Latin writings consisted of contemporary history (geography, cartography etc.) of China, constituting the framework in which their missions had to work. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.20pit 324 334 11 Chapter 24 1 A01 Stefano Pittaluga Pittaluga, Stefano Stefano Pittaluga Università di Genova 20 “noble savage” 20 Aeneas 20 aurea aetas 20 classical myth 20 discovery of America 20 European travelers 20 Latin “Columbian” epic 20 linguistic communication 20 Native Americans 20 Peter Martyr of Anghiera 20 sixteenth century 01 The paper examines some aspects of the cultural impact of the Discovery of America on European Latin literary production. The difficulties of linguistic communication between European travelers and Native Americans and the solutions adopted in terms of language and vocabulary in the <i>Decades de orbe novo</i> of Peter Martyr of Anghiera are analyzed; in this text some themes are already present that will live on in the Latin epic literature with “Columbian” themes in the sixteenth century, such as the <i>Syphilis</i> by Girolamo Fracastoro, the <i>De navigatione Christophori Columbi</i> by Lorenzo Gambara and the <i>Columbeis</i> by Giulio Cesare Stella. Particular attention is dedicated to the progressive identification of Columbus with the Virgil’s Aeneas (as well as of the oceanic journey with the wanderings of Aeneas in the Mediterranean Sea), and to the birth of the myth of the “noble savage” in relation to the projection of the classical myth of the <i>aurea aetas</i> on the simple and gentle life of Native Americans. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.21ste 335 344 10 Chapter 25 1 A01 Francesco Stella Stella, Francesco Francesco Stella Università di Siena 20 non-native culture 20 post-colonial Middle Ages 20 second language acquisition 20 secundary literature 01 The chapter proposes an unconventional approach to the interpretation of medieval and post-medieval Latin textuality as post-colonial literature, in the sense of “expressed in a cultural system that in the post-Roman age is inevitably different from the writer’s native one and in a language other than the mother tongue”. This approach allows a new understanding of medieval Latin literature and early modernity as a secondary system of cultural production and of language as a communication code that can be analyzed with the linguistic tools of SLA. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p2 Section header 26 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p2a Section header 27 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.22car 349 362 14 Chapter 28 1 A01 Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann Cardelle de Hartmann, Carmen Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann Universität Zürich 20 audiences 20 circulation 20 Latin 20 literacy 20 medieval period 20 orality 01 This chapter begins by discussing methods of elucidating the diffusion of texts and proceeds by examining the material, cultural, and social factors that influenced their circulation. Among the material and economic factors were the cost and availability of writing materials, features such as script and format of books, and the accessibility of libraries and availability of different types of book manufacturing. Since a great part of medieval literature was transmitted orally, there is a complex relationship between oral and written transmission, occasionally switching between Latin and the vernacular languages. Knowledge of Latin was the prerequisite for access to this literature and <i>Latinitas</i> varied greatly according to period, region, and social group. Most Latin texts were written for an individual or a comparatively small audience, but some of them reached broader audiences, depending on the social networks of the authors, their communities, and their dedicatees. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.23dol 363 375 13 Chapter 29 1 A01 Lucie Doležalová Doležalová, Lucie Lucie Doležalová Univerzita Karlova 20 codicology 20 colophons 20 illumination 20 Latin 20 medieval manuscripts 20 multimedia 20 paleography 20 paratext 01 Overviewing their individual features, the study presents medieval manuscripts as complex communication devices and social and cultural phenomena deserving further study outside the technical context of paleography and codicology. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.24bec 376 405 30 Chapter 30 1 A01 Gedeon Becht-Jördens Becht-Jördens, Gedeon Gedeon Becht-Jördens 20 didactic pages and diagrams 20 figure poems 20 illustration of biblical and liturgical books 20 illustration of biographies 20 illustration of popular genres and translations 20 images as commentaries 20 images as support for the “semiliterates” 20 images as symbols of the divine 20 novels and chronicles 20 text and image 20 text-image ensembles 20 text-image-hybrids 01 Since the dawn of literature, text and image have accompanied one another not merely as competing but also as cooperating media. Based on theoretical considerations of their relationship and their expressive possibilities on the one hand, and on the conditions of the culture of writing and images in antiquity and late antique Christianity on the other, this piece portrays the collaboration between text and image to aid the reader across genres and throughout the ages with an outlook towards vernacular literature and translations. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.25ste 406 435 30 Chapter 31 1 A01 Wesley Stevens Stevens, Wesley Wesley Stevens University of Saskatchewan 20 architecture 20 astronomy 20 mathematics 20 music 20 science 01 Life has three spatial dimensions for everyone, as do the cultures we create. And so it was in the Middle Ages. Historians benefit from writings left behind to prove any of their theses, but that was only a part of it. We shall look back to barns, to the bridges which helped them travel hither and yon, and to the buildings which survive. We shall not neglect the mathematics which was required to keep all these constructions standing. Astronomy was developing too, always something new. With quite a lot of singing and dancing to instruments, perhaps music added a fourth dimension to the common life of ordinary people. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.26gau 436 450 15 Chapter 32 1 A01 Patrick Gautier Dalché Gautier Dalché, Patrick Patrick Gautier Dalché CNRS 20 medieval geography 20 medieval mappae mundi 20 medieval schooling 20 symbols of sovereignty 20 T-O diagram 01 The tradition of medieval maps is studied, mainly that of the <i>mappae mundi</i>, representations of the oecumene or the terrestrial sphere. These images, diagrammatic or offering topographical details, originate from the educational tradition of Antiquity. They are found in great numbers in manuscripts, but also in monumental ensembles (religious buildings or palaces). They were constantly reworked according to the interests of their authors and the functions they attributed to them. Their functions are varied: knowledge of the places they depict is a prerequisite for allegorical exegesis; in monasteries, they serve as a support for spiritual practices; sovereignty is justified by domination over a world they represent; military expeditions are planned thanks to the geopolitical vision they provide. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p2b Section header 33 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.27boy 453 464 12 Chapter 34 1 A01 Susan Boynton Boynton, Susan Susan Boynton Columbia University 20 drama 20 hymns 20 liturgy 20 preaching 20 sequences 01 Medieval Latin liturgy, drama, and preaching are living, oral arts of performance as well as texts. They all constitute forms of storytelling and draw on narrative texts. In different yet related ways, liturgy, drama, and preaching are all exegetical in nature and share aspects of Biblical commentary. The written record offers insight into the performance of liturgy, drama, and preaching, which took on their full meaning in the moment of celebration and utterance. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.28bar 465 484 20 Chapter 35 1 A01 Sam Barrett Barrett, Sam Sam Barrett University of Cambridge 20 conductus 20 Latin 20 medieval 20 metra 20 monophony 20 performance 20 rhythmi 20 song 20 versus 01 This essay surveys the performance of monophonic Latin song from the fourth to the thirteenth centuries, investigating the type of songs performed and the range of performance occasions across the period. The focus is primarily on written accounts of song but the characteristic features of surviving medieval melodic traditions are also considered in relation to the training and status of those who created and performed songs. It is argued that the types of Latin songs performed from late antiquity through to the central Middle Ages remained broadly stable but that the forms that songs took were determined by varying historical circumstances. It is also argued that traces left by Latin song in the historical record were shaped by shifting evaluations of song. This survey seeks fresh perspectives by working across conventional boundaries in histories of Latin song, extending backwards beyond music historians’ traditional concentration on recovering and analyzing notated repertories first recorded in the ninth century, looking to trace continuities between late antique and medieval practices, and seeking to establish the range of sung performances of Latin verse at three moments in time. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p3 Section header 36 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.29fer 487 497 11 Chapter 37 1 A01 Joan Ferrante Ferrante, Joan Joan Ferrante Columbia University 20 Herrad of Landsberg 20 Hilldebert of Lavardin 20 Hrotswit 20 Middle Ages 20 Muriel 20 queen Radegund 20 Venantius Fotuatus 20 women writers 01 This contribution reviews the roles of women in medieval Latin literature (history, poetry and religious texts), as composers of texts and as inspirers or provokers of men’s texts. It also notes texts that are no longer extant but whose existence and sometimes quality is known because they are referred to in the works of men who received them. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.30cor 498 506 9 Chapter 38 1 A01 Ian Cornelius Cornelius, Ian Ian Cornelius Loyola University 20 Aelius Donatus 20 arts of poetry and prose 20 cosmopolitan language 20 grammar 20 language ecology 20 Old Norse 20 poetics 20 rhetoric 20 style 20 vernaculars 01 The concept of literary ecology is developed as an instrument for large-scale literary study by Alexander Beecroft (2015), for whom the metaphor emphasizes the great diversity of world literatures and the possibility of organizing this diversity into cultural types, analogous to the biologist’s ecotypes. For a study of Latin poetics, the most important typological distinction is between cosmopolitan and vernacular languages. Latin acquired an articulated body of stylistic norms (“poetics”) in antiquity as a vernacular language; subsequent developments in Latin poetics were conditioned by the language’s acquisition of cosmopolitan characteristics. I explore the consequences of that shift; texts discussed include Donatus’s <i>Ars maior</i>, the twelfth- and thirteenth-century arts of poetry and prose, Óláfr Þórðarson’s treatise on Icelandic poetics, and Dante’s <i>De vulgari eloquentia</i>. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.31bar 507 522 16 Chapter 39 1 A01 Elisabetta Bartoli Bartoli, Elisabetta Elisabetta Bartoli Univerità di Siena 20 ars dictandi 20 consolation letters 20 letters collection 20 literacy 20 love letters 20 medieval history 20 medieval letters 20 medieval power 20 rhetoric 20 women’s writing 01 This essay contains, in the first part, a chronological <i>excursus</i> (late 11th-late 13th century) dedicated to the <i>ars dictandi</i>, the medieval <i>ars</i> that teaches epistolography and the editing of prose texts; the most significant masters and the most important works are illustrated, from Alberico di Montecassino to Pier della Vigna and Tommaso di Capua. In the second part, on the basis of contemporary studies, a panorama of comparative research carried out or to be carried out on the materials of <i>ars dictandi</i> is traced; these researches demonstrate the richness of the epistolographic texts and the possibility of analysis from different perspectives, for example from the historical, sociological, juridical, documentary, rhetorical-literary, linguistic point of view and so on. The bibliography, necessarily selective, is however attentive to the new <i>editiones principes</i> and the most recent essays. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.32wes 523 539 17 Chapter 40 1 A01 Willum Westenholz Westenholz, Willum Willum Westenholz Universität Wien 20 authenticating devices 20 fiction 20 history 20 modes of reading 01 This piece explores some of the devices used by Medieval historiographers to assure their audience of the veracity of the contents of their narratives. It outlines central Medieval concepts of truth, lies, and fiction, the marvelous and the wondrous, and the standards for historicity and for credibility. The article highlights the pains the authors took to ensure that the readers placed their belief in what was told to them. This leads to a final question. Could the same strategies that were employed to establish a contract of veridiction be employed to establish a much more limited form of narrative truth, the suspension of disbelief? As is shown, these strategies are found in some truly incredible texts. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.33bas 540 554 15 Chapter 41 1 A01 Gaston Javier Basile Basile, Gaston Javier Gaston Javier Basile Universidad de Buenos Aires 20 continuity 20 discontinuity 20 humanism 20 humanism and language 20 humanism and scholasticism 20 humanistic education 20 Renaissance 20 studia humanitatis 01 The article reviews the scholarly discussions regarding the definition and characteristics of humanism by focusing on the continuity and discontinuity theses, as well as the ideological and disciplinary implications that have shaped the intellectual field among medievalists and Renaissance scholars over two centuries. The conservative features of Italian humanism can be traced in the endurance of scholastic teaching in universities, medieval patterns of thought, pedagogical methods and traditional curriculum design. On the other hand, Italian humanism evinced an innovative meta-linguistic awareness that took the form of unprecedented debates on the historicity and status of languages, fostered new reading methods, rigorous philological approaches and a wide-ranging translation agenda. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.p4 Section header 42 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.34ver 557 577 21 Chapter 43 1 A01 Wim Verbaal Verbaal, Wim Wim Verbaal Ghent University 20 grammaticalization 20 Latin 20 literarization 20 literization 20 standardization 20 vernacularisation 01 This contribution attempts to problematize the concept of vernacularization during the Western Middle Ages. Taking modern research on endangered languages as its point of departure, it distinguishes between two periods of vernacularisation, the earlier one determined by the desire to standardize vernacular writing (literization), the other one by a factor of literarization, i.e., creating a literary language and field. In both periods, Latin as the hegemonic language constitutes the catalyst for these processes as they develop within the vernacular field. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.35ray 578 587 10 Chapter 44 1 A01 Lourdes Raya Fages Raya Fages, Lourdes Lourdes Raya Fages Universidad de Murcia 2 A01 Pablo Piqueras Yagüe Piqueras Yagüe, Pablo Pablo Piqueras Yagüe Universidad de Murcia 20 Briseis 20 epic 20 medieval literature 20 Troilus 20 Trojan cycle 20 Trojan war 01 This chapter analyzes the figure of Troilus and the motif of the love triangle, consisting of him, Briseis, and Diomedes from the <i>De excidio Troiae</i> of Dares Phrygius to contemporary literature. We focus specifically on the medieval works that influenced the representation of these three characters and their relationship. We examine their roles in Dares’ work, in the <i>Roman de Troie</i> of Benoît de Sainte-Maure, in Guido delle Colonne’s <i>Historia destructionis Troiae</i>, in two epics of the XII and XIII centuries (<i>De bello Troiano</i> of Joseph of Exeter and <i>Troilus</i> of Albert of Stade) and in three more familiar pieces, namely Boccaccio’s <i>Il Filostrato</i>, Chaucer’s <i>Troilus and Criseyde</i>, and Shakespeare’s <i>Troilus and Cressida</i>, to end with a quick review of the theme from that moment until the present. The representation of the characters and their triangle was formed in the <i>Roman de Troie</i> following Dares, and each author who developed the story used the tradition but added his own special touches. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.36bay 588 595 8 Chapter 45 1 A01 Martha Bayless Bayless, Martha Martha Bayless University of Oregon 20 demons 20 elves 20 fairies 20 fairy 20 folklore 20 magic 20 otherworld 20 supernatural 20 Walter Map 01 Fairies feature widely in medieval literature, but their appearances in medieval Latin texts provide a special window onto belief in fairies. Since the Latin vocabulary for magical beings in general was largely borrowed from Classical sources, Latin can muddy the semantics of fairy taxonomy. But Latin provides a view that cannot be duplicated by vernacular texts: legal charges and historical accounts, largely in Latin, reveal how fairies were thought to be real, and people’s interaction with them worthy of sanction or of historical notice. Furthermore, many of the earliest attestations of influential themes and motifs first appear in Latin texts, and demonstrate the degree to which stories moved between Latin and the vernaculars, between genres, and between oral and written forms. Latin texts preserve the kind of fairy lore that underlies more modern treatments of fairies, while also serving as testimony to sophisticated ways of thinking about fairies that would otherwise have faded from view. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.37aro 596 605 10 Chapter 46 1 A01 Susan Aronstein Aronstein, Susan Susan Aronstein University of Wyoming 2 A01 Tison Pugh Pugh, Tison Tison Pugh University of Central Florida 20 Arthurian legend 20 Arthurian literature 20 Excalibur 20 Geoffrey of Monmouth 20 Historia regum Britanniae 20 King Arthur 20 medieval literature 01 King Arthur’s legendary sword – <i>Caliburnus</i> in Latin, <i>Caledfwlch</i> in Welsh, <i>Escalibor</i> in Old French, and <i>Excalibur</i> in Middle and Modern English – evolves in its cultural meaning from its earliest depictions in quasi-historical Latin texts through twentieth-century films and novels. As evidenced in a range of sources, including <i>Culhwch ac Olwen</i>, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s <i>Historia regum Britanniae</i>, Sir Thomas Malory’s <i>Morte D’Arthur</i>, Lord Alfred Tennyson’s <i>Idylls of the King</i>, T.H. White’s <i>The Once and Future King</i>, Marion Zimmer Bradley’s <i>The Mists of Avalon</i>, and John Boorman’s <i>Excalibur</i>, Excalibur symbolically confers political and spiritual legitimacy as it assists in defining Arthurian values, with its meaning shifting with the times and the cultural moment in which it (re)appears. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.38kre 606 624 19 Chapter 47 1 A01 Marek Thue Kretschmer Kretschmer, Marek Thue Marek Thue Kretschmer University of Lorraine 20 Baudri of Bourgueil 20 Carmina Burana 20 Godfrey of Reims 20 Hugh Primas 20 Matthew of Vendôme 20 medieval Latin poetry 20 Peter Riga 20 Pierre de Saintes 20 Renaissance of the twelfth century 20 Simon Chèvre d’Or 20 Versus Eporedienses 20 Walter of Châtillon 01 The present chapter discusses Latin poems dealing with the Trojan matter from the rise of such poetry around 1060 up to the early 13th century, when poems in the vernacular become dominating. Discussed poets or anonymous poems (in italics) include Wido of Ivrea, Godfrey of Reims, Baudri of Bourgueil, the <i>Deidamia Achilli</i>, the <i>Heu male te cupimus</i>, the <i>Sub uespere Troianis menibus</i>, the <i>Carmina Burana</i> 92, 99–102, the <i>Anna soror ut quid mori</i>, Hugh Primas, Pierre de Saintes, Peter Riga, the <i>Alea fortunae</i>, Simon Capra Aurea, the <i>Altercatio Ganymedis et Helenae</i>, the <i>Causae Aiacis et Ulixis</i> I–II, the <i>Quis partus Troiae</i> and the <i>Bella minans Asiae</i>. A short postface offers a rapid synopsis of the vernacular literature that marks the late Middle Ages. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.39gio 625 638 14 Chapter 48 1 A01 Chiara della Giovampaola Giovampaola, Chiara della Chiara della Giovampaola Newark High school 20 Danish 20 eloquence 20 fool 20 Hamlet 20 hero 20 myth 20 revenge 20 Saxo Grammaticus 20 Shakespeare 20 source 01 This chapter focuses on Hamlet. The starting point is the Latin account of Saxo Grammaticus, dated to the thirteen century, and the endpoint is Shakespeare’s play. It investigates the relation between the two in terms of similarities and differences regarding the plot and the main characters. The chapter reserves special attention to the theme of pretended madness. Moreover, in comparing the two versions, it aims to track Hamlet’s origins in the Nordic and Roman tradition and the mutations which occurred from Saxo to Shakespeare. It also attempts to explain the reasons for Hamlet’s fortune in Medieval and Modern literature. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.40bau 639 646 8 Chapter 49 1 A01 Manuel Bauer Bauer, Manuel Manuel Bauer 20 curiositas 20 Faust’s medieval predecessors 20 Goethe 20 historical faust/faustus 20 modernity 20 Pact with the devil 20 Pope Joan 20 Renaissance magician 20 Simon Magus 20 Theophilus 01 The magician Faustus (or Faust, as he has been called since the eighteenth century), who enters a pact with the devil, is one of the most famous figures of world literature and can be said to symbolize the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. Even though the Faustus myth is genuinely modern, some medieval origins and predecessors can be identified. The gradual narrative formation of Faustus seems to be based on two literary and historical strands in particular, first the legends surrounding the renaissance magician and secondly medieval devil pact stories. Starting from the earliest sources, this chapter will delineate which characteristics are attributed to Faustus. Subsequently, both the differences and the similarities of medieval devil pact figures as precursors of Faustus will be analysed. In doing so, particular emphasis will be placed on the pivotal aspect of early modern Faust narratives, <i>curiositas</i>. 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.bio 647 654 8 Chapter 50 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.index 655 698 44 Index 51 10 01 JB code chlel.xxxiv.il 699 706 8 Index 52 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20240702 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 174 mm 08 1485 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 24 5 01 02 JB 1 00 218.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 231.08 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 5 02 02 JB 1 00 183.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 5 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 285.00 USD