303029004 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code P&bns 345 Eb 15 9789027246820 06 10.1075/pbns.345 13 2024019166 DG 002 02 01 P&bns 02 0922-842X Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 345 01 pbns.345 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.345 1 B01 Martin Gill Gill, Martin Martin Gill Åbo Akademi University 2 B01 Aino Malmivirta Malmivirta, Aino Aino Malmivirta Åbo Akademi University 3 B01 Brita Wårvik Wårvik, Brita Brita Wårvik Åbo Akademi University 01 eng 217 ix 207 LAN009030 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume aims to stretch the boundaries of text and discourse linguistics, exploring organization and structuring in discourse across a variety of communication forms, from written to spoken to visual, in old and new media. It presents a collection of case studies ranging in focus from the micro-level discourse functions of pronouns and emojis, to the macro-level structure of online interaction, all from their different perspectives drawing inspiration from the notion of text as structure and process. In a world of proliferating media and discourse types, the papers collected here reflect the latest scholarship in text and discourse studies, highlighting the value of combining multiple approaches and suggesting future directions and possibilities for research.<br /><i>Structures in Discourse</i> will be of interest to students and researchers in pragmatics, discourse analysis, media studies and digitally mediated communication. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.345.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214911.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214911.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.345.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.345.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.345.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.345.hb.png 10 01 JB code pbns.345.ded v vi 2 Miscellaneous 1 10 01 JB code pbns.345.toc vii viii 2 Table of contents 2 10 01 JB code pbns.345.ack ix x 2 Acknowledgments 3 10 01 JB code pbns.345.01war 1 17 17 Chapter 4 1 A01 Brita Wårvik Wårvik, Brita Brita Wårvik Åbo Akademi University 20 context 20 discourse structure 20 text and discourse linguistics 20 Tuija Virtanen 01 Texts are expected to have structure and the study of that structure is a central concern in text and discourse linguistics. Texts are semantic units and their structure is therefore a matter of organization of the content material included in them. At the same time, text structure is also a matter of form, since texts manifest linguistic signals of various kinds whose purpose is to facilitate the text receiver’s task of interpretation, i.e. the task of building a text world around a given text. And even shape can be used to disclose the structure of a given text. (Virtanen 1997a) 10 01 JB code pbns.345.02hal 18 35 18 Chapter 5 1 A01 Helena Halmari Halmari, Helena Helena Halmari Sam Houston State University 20 Barack Obama 20 discourse structure 20 distal demonstrative that 20 evaluation 20 Mitt Romney 20 persuasion 20 presidential debates 01 The focus of this article is the deictic evaluative construction <i>that’s</i>, as used by Barack Obama and Mitt Romney during the 2012 presidential debates. A summative clause, often toward the end of a discourse turn, opened by the distal demonstrative pronoun <i>that</i>, has a persuasive function, evaluating the immediately preceding discourse content. This construction allows the speaker to evaluate his own message positively and the opponent’s message negatively; it also structures the content clearly and concisely, helping to portray the speaker as one with a strong and clear agenda. A quantitative comparison of the usage of the <i>that’s</i> construction with regard to Obama and Romney shows that both used it equally during the first debate; however, in the second debate, Obama doubled its use. This chapter brings together a concept from narrative theory (evaluation) and a concept from rhetoric (the persuasive function of language), as these two concepts intersect within the persuasive genre of presidential debates. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.03sor 36 57 22 Chapter 6 1 A01 Sandrine Sorlin Sorlin, Sandrine Sandrine Sorlin Université Paul-Valéry – Montpellier 3 20 egocentrism 20 imposture 20 indefinite 20 one 20 Orwell 20 personal pronouns 20 pragmatics 20 you 01 This chapter focuses on two specific pronominal ‘imposters’, <i>you</i> and <i>one</i> as used in Orwell’s semi-autobiographical text <i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i> (1933). It studies the ‘definite-indefinite’ and ‘specific-generic’ potential of the pronouns via the same theoretical framework put forward in Sorlin (2022) with regard to the second-person pronoun, the better to appreciate the similarities and differences between the two pronouns. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the way the two pronouns foreground (and background) their egocentric and altruistic orientation and to what pragmatic purposes. The pronominal comparison within the same corpus allows to perceive why <i>one</i> tends to be used in lieu of <i>you</i> (and vice versa) in strategic places of the essay. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.04bjo 58 82 25 Chapter 7 1 A01 Martina Björklund Björklund, Martina Martina Björklund Åbo Akademi University 20 affect 20 Facebook messenger 20 heteroglossia 20 SMS 20 translanguaging 20 WhatsApp 01 The chapter reports findings from a case study of texting between a Finland-Swedish girl and three constellations of friends. They were all more or less fluent at least in Swedish, Finnish, and English. When texting they mostly used Swedish and English, fluidly combining features from different languages. From a perspective of heteroglossia and translanguaging the study investigates the role of English features in four texting spaces, where the shares of English units vary from 8% to 89%. In all four texting spaces, English units form the majority of exclamations and emotive evaluations (51%–97%). Different types and quantities of English features contributed to the differentiation of language use and boosted group identity and peer bonding in the three constellations. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.05mye 83 102 20 Chapter 8 1 A01 Greg Myers Myers, Greg Greg Myers Lancaster University 20 accepting praise 20 epideictic interviews 20 laughter 20 non-seriousness 20 performing modesty 01 A number of researchers have dealt with laughter as a strategic device in broadcast interviews and press conferences. I consider how laughter works in a genre in which part of the purpose is to praise the interviewee – what I call epideictic interviews. These interviews have interactional problems around presenting and accepting praise. Laughter can be placed so that it acknowledges and mitigates these problems. Typically, interviewee laughter comes in response to interviewer praise, or in the performance of humorous material. Interviewer laughter often marks for the audience that material is to be taken as non-serious. Analysis of laughter tells us both about the peculiarities of interaction in this broadcast genre, and about the difficulties in performing and listening to praise. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.06lin 103 123 21 Chapter 9 1 A01 Loukia Lindholm Lindholm, Loukia Loukia Lindholm Åbo Akademi University 20 digital fragments 20 GIFs 20 temporality 20 virtual performativity 01 This chapter explores temporality and virtual performativity in Graphic Interchange Format images (GIFs), short, looping image sequences that may include text. Previous studies have shown that GIFs are decontextualized and recontextualized by users to perform embodied verbal and non-verbal reactions online. However, the temporal aspect of GIFs has received less attention from an online communication perspective. The chapter focuses on reaction GIFs as multimodal virtual performatives on a Tumblr blog featuring humorous political commentary. The analysis examines the temporal dimension of these performatives and shows how the Tumblr blog author exploits the temporal malleability of GIFs to anchor them in the immediate context of their usage. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.07her 124 155 32 Chapter 10 1 A01 Susan C. Herring Herring, Susan C. Susan C. Herring Indiana University Bloomington 2 A01 Jing Ge-Stadnyk Ge-Stadnyk, Jing Jing Ge-Stadnyk University of California Berkeley 20 classification 20 emoji 20 Facebook 20 performativity 20 social media 20 speech act theory 20 Twitter 20 typology 20 Weibo 01 Emoji can modify a textual utterance, constitute a stand-alone speech act, or virtually perform an action. These three broad types of pragmatic function are usually treated separately in the literature when they are treated at all. We classify these functions in a systematic, unified manner by drawing on the classic speech act notion of illocutionarity. We present a conceptually motivated typology that accounts for the three basic types of emoji function, as well as most pragmatic functions reported in previous emoji research, illustrating it with data from American and Chinese social media. The scheme can serve as a practical heuristic to guide empirical research on emoji use and a theoretical anchor for pragmatic studies of other graphicon types. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.08vas 156 175 20 Chapter 11 1 A01 Camilla Vásquez Vásquez, Camilla Camilla Vásquez University of South Florida 2 A01 Irene Cenni Cenni, Irene Irene Cenni Ghent University 20 adaptability 20 evaluative discourse 20 genre 20 online consumer reviews 20 textual structure 01 Recognized for their influence on consumer decision-making, online consumer reviews have attracted the attention of scholars from marketing, consumer studies and tourism, as well as discourse studies. Taking Virtanen’s (2017) study of Amazon book reviews as our point of departure, this study builds on prior linguistic work describing the discourse focus of online reviews. We examine reviews of a virtual tourism product, Airbnb’s Online Experiences (AOE). Applying Virtanen’s tri-partite framework (Topic, Author, Audience) to a set of 200 AOE reviews, this study explores how review writers frame their evaluative comments. Building on this framework for analyzing the discourse structure and discourse focus of online reviews, our findings identify different patterns of adaptability in response to the communicative demands of this novel reviewing context. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.09gil 176 201 26 Chapter 12 1 A01 Martin Gill Gill, Martin Martin Gill Åbo Akademi University 20 authenticity 20 Brexit 20 BTL comments 20 hate speech 20 online interaction 20 public sphere 20 solidarity 01 Though criticized for attracting bigots and haters, ‘below the line’ (BTL) comment spaces extend the public sphere to include vernacular voices that rarely figure in mainstream democratic debate. This study examines interaction among commenters in a corpus of comments posted to the British newspaper the <i>Express</i> on the divisive issue of Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. It shows how in this context regular BTL commenters create and perform an authentic ‘Brexiter’ identity in opposition to public norms of civility, through displays of in-group solidarity and collective out-group hostility. It further shows how this aggressive behaviour is deliberately orchestrated and channelled by the newspaper itself. The study suggests that, as a result, the common ground essential to democratic participation is not being extended but eroded, to the detriment of all. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.contrib 202 1 Chapter 13 10 01 JB code pbns.345.index 205 207 3 Index 14 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20240807 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027214911 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 110.00 EUR R 01 00 92.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 143.00 USD S 977029003 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code P&bns 345 Hb 15 9789027214911 13 2024019165 BB 01 P&bns 02 0922-842X Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 345 01 pbns.345 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns.345 1 B01 Martin Gill Gill, Martin Martin Gill Åbo Akademi University 2 B01 Aino Malmivirta Malmivirta, Aino Aino Malmivirta Åbo Akademi University 3 B01 Brita Wårvik Wårvik, Brita Brita Wårvik Åbo Akademi University 01 eng 217 ix 207 LAN009030 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume aims to stretch the boundaries of text and discourse linguistics, exploring organization and structuring in discourse across a variety of communication forms, from written to spoken to visual, in old and new media. It presents a collection of case studies ranging in focus from the micro-level discourse functions of pronouns and emojis, to the macro-level structure of online interaction, all from their different perspectives drawing inspiration from the notion of text as structure and process. In a world of proliferating media and discourse types, the papers collected here reflect the latest scholarship in text and discourse studies, highlighting the value of combining multiple approaches and suggesting future directions and possibilities for research.<br /><i>Structures in Discourse</i> will be of interest to students and researchers in pragmatics, discourse analysis, media studies and digitally mediated communication. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/pbns.345.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214911.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214911.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/pbns.345.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/pbns.345.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/pbns.345.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/pbns.345.hb.png 10 01 JB code pbns.345.ded v vi 2 Miscellaneous 1 10 01 JB code pbns.345.toc vii viii 2 Table of contents 2 10 01 JB code pbns.345.ack ix x 2 Acknowledgments 3 10 01 JB code pbns.345.01war 1 17 17 Chapter 4 1 A01 Brita Wårvik Wårvik, Brita Brita Wårvik Åbo Akademi University 20 context 20 discourse structure 20 text and discourse linguistics 20 Tuija Virtanen 01 Texts are expected to have structure and the study of that structure is a central concern in text and discourse linguistics. Texts are semantic units and their structure is therefore a matter of organization of the content material included in them. At the same time, text structure is also a matter of form, since texts manifest linguistic signals of various kinds whose purpose is to facilitate the text receiver’s task of interpretation, i.e. the task of building a text world around a given text. And even shape can be used to disclose the structure of a given text. (Virtanen 1997a) 10 01 JB code pbns.345.02hal 18 35 18 Chapter 5 1 A01 Helena Halmari Halmari, Helena Helena Halmari Sam Houston State University 20 Barack Obama 20 discourse structure 20 distal demonstrative that 20 evaluation 20 Mitt Romney 20 persuasion 20 presidential debates 01 The focus of this article is the deictic evaluative construction <i>that’s</i>, as used by Barack Obama and Mitt Romney during the 2012 presidential debates. A summative clause, often toward the end of a discourse turn, opened by the distal demonstrative pronoun <i>that</i>, has a persuasive function, evaluating the immediately preceding discourse content. This construction allows the speaker to evaluate his own message positively and the opponent’s message negatively; it also structures the content clearly and concisely, helping to portray the speaker as one with a strong and clear agenda. A quantitative comparison of the usage of the <i>that’s</i> construction with regard to Obama and Romney shows that both used it equally during the first debate; however, in the second debate, Obama doubled its use. This chapter brings together a concept from narrative theory (evaluation) and a concept from rhetoric (the persuasive function of language), as these two concepts intersect within the persuasive genre of presidential debates. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.03sor 36 57 22 Chapter 6 1 A01 Sandrine Sorlin Sorlin, Sandrine Sandrine Sorlin Université Paul-Valéry – Montpellier 3 20 egocentrism 20 imposture 20 indefinite 20 one 20 Orwell 20 personal pronouns 20 pragmatics 20 you 01 This chapter focuses on two specific pronominal ‘imposters’, <i>you</i> and <i>one</i> as used in Orwell’s semi-autobiographical text <i>Down and Out in Paris and London</i> (1933). It studies the ‘definite-indefinite’ and ‘specific-generic’ potential of the pronouns via the same theoretical framework put forward in Sorlin (2022) with regard to the second-person pronoun, the better to appreciate the similarities and differences between the two pronouns. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the way the two pronouns foreground (and background) their egocentric and altruistic orientation and to what pragmatic purposes. The pronominal comparison within the same corpus allows to perceive why <i>one</i> tends to be used in lieu of <i>you</i> (and vice versa) in strategic places of the essay. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.04bjo 58 82 25 Chapter 7 1 A01 Martina Björklund Björklund, Martina Martina Björklund Åbo Akademi University 20 affect 20 Facebook messenger 20 heteroglossia 20 SMS 20 translanguaging 20 WhatsApp 01 The chapter reports findings from a case study of texting between a Finland-Swedish girl and three constellations of friends. They were all more or less fluent at least in Swedish, Finnish, and English. When texting they mostly used Swedish and English, fluidly combining features from different languages. From a perspective of heteroglossia and translanguaging the study investigates the role of English features in four texting spaces, where the shares of English units vary from 8% to 89%. In all four texting spaces, English units form the majority of exclamations and emotive evaluations (51%–97%). Different types and quantities of English features contributed to the differentiation of language use and boosted group identity and peer bonding in the three constellations. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.05mye 83 102 20 Chapter 8 1 A01 Greg Myers Myers, Greg Greg Myers Lancaster University 20 accepting praise 20 epideictic interviews 20 laughter 20 non-seriousness 20 performing modesty 01 A number of researchers have dealt with laughter as a strategic device in broadcast interviews and press conferences. I consider how laughter works in a genre in which part of the purpose is to praise the interviewee – what I call epideictic interviews. These interviews have interactional problems around presenting and accepting praise. Laughter can be placed so that it acknowledges and mitigates these problems. Typically, interviewee laughter comes in response to interviewer praise, or in the performance of humorous material. Interviewer laughter often marks for the audience that material is to be taken as non-serious. Analysis of laughter tells us both about the peculiarities of interaction in this broadcast genre, and about the difficulties in performing and listening to praise. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.06lin 103 123 21 Chapter 9 1 A01 Loukia Lindholm Lindholm, Loukia Loukia Lindholm Åbo Akademi University 20 digital fragments 20 GIFs 20 temporality 20 virtual performativity 01 This chapter explores temporality and virtual performativity in Graphic Interchange Format images (GIFs), short, looping image sequences that may include text. Previous studies have shown that GIFs are decontextualized and recontextualized by users to perform embodied verbal and non-verbal reactions online. However, the temporal aspect of GIFs has received less attention from an online communication perspective. The chapter focuses on reaction GIFs as multimodal virtual performatives on a Tumblr blog featuring humorous political commentary. The analysis examines the temporal dimension of these performatives and shows how the Tumblr blog author exploits the temporal malleability of GIFs to anchor them in the immediate context of their usage. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.07her 124 155 32 Chapter 10 1 A01 Susan C. Herring Herring, Susan C. Susan C. Herring Indiana University Bloomington 2 A01 Jing Ge-Stadnyk Ge-Stadnyk, Jing Jing Ge-Stadnyk University of California Berkeley 20 classification 20 emoji 20 Facebook 20 performativity 20 social media 20 speech act theory 20 Twitter 20 typology 20 Weibo 01 Emoji can modify a textual utterance, constitute a stand-alone speech act, or virtually perform an action. These three broad types of pragmatic function are usually treated separately in the literature when they are treated at all. We classify these functions in a systematic, unified manner by drawing on the classic speech act notion of illocutionarity. We present a conceptually motivated typology that accounts for the three basic types of emoji function, as well as most pragmatic functions reported in previous emoji research, illustrating it with data from American and Chinese social media. The scheme can serve as a practical heuristic to guide empirical research on emoji use and a theoretical anchor for pragmatic studies of other graphicon types. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.08vas 156 175 20 Chapter 11 1 A01 Camilla Vásquez Vásquez, Camilla Camilla Vásquez University of South Florida 2 A01 Irene Cenni Cenni, Irene Irene Cenni Ghent University 20 adaptability 20 evaluative discourse 20 genre 20 online consumer reviews 20 textual structure 01 Recognized for their influence on consumer decision-making, online consumer reviews have attracted the attention of scholars from marketing, consumer studies and tourism, as well as discourse studies. Taking Virtanen’s (2017) study of Amazon book reviews as our point of departure, this study builds on prior linguistic work describing the discourse focus of online reviews. We examine reviews of a virtual tourism product, Airbnb’s Online Experiences (AOE). Applying Virtanen’s tri-partite framework (Topic, Author, Audience) to a set of 200 AOE reviews, this study explores how review writers frame their evaluative comments. Building on this framework for analyzing the discourse structure and discourse focus of online reviews, our findings identify different patterns of adaptability in response to the communicative demands of this novel reviewing context. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.09gil 176 201 26 Chapter 12 1 A01 Martin Gill Gill, Martin Martin Gill Åbo Akademi University 20 authenticity 20 Brexit 20 BTL comments 20 hate speech 20 online interaction 20 public sphere 20 solidarity 01 Though criticized for attracting bigots and haters, ‘below the line’ (BTL) comment spaces extend the public sphere to include vernacular voices that rarely figure in mainstream democratic debate. This study examines interaction among commenters in a corpus of comments posted to the British newspaper the <i>Express</i> on the divisive issue of Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. It shows how in this context regular BTL commenters create and perform an authentic ‘Brexiter’ identity in opposition to public norms of civility, through displays of in-group solidarity and collective out-group hostility. It further shows how this aggressive behaviour is deliberately orchestrated and channelled by the newspaper itself. The study suggests that, as a result, the common ground essential to democratic participation is not being extended but eroded, to the detriment of all. 10 01 JB code pbns.345.contrib 202 1 Chapter 13 10 01 JB code pbns.345.index 205 207 3 Index 14 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20240807 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 530 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 41 01 02 JB 1 00 110.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 116.60 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 02 02 JB 1 00 92.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 5 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 143.00 USD