804029799 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FILLM 20 Eb 15 9789027246547 06 10.1075/fillm.20 13 2024031285 DG 002 02 01 FILLM 02 2213-428X FILLM Studies in Languages and Literatures 20 01 fillm.20 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/fillm.20 1 B01 Petra Broomans Broomans, Petra Petra Broomans University of Groningen 2 B01 Jeanette den Toonder Toonder, Jeanette den Jeanette den Toonder University of Groningen 01 eng 220 xii 204 + index LIT000000 v.2006 DSB 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 06 01 <i>Travel Writing and Cultural Transfer</i> addresses the multifaceted concept of cultural transfer through travel writing, with the aim of expanding our knowledge of modes of travel in the past and present and how they developed, as did the way in which travel was reported.<br />Travel as both factual and fictional— with authors and narratives moving between different worlds— is one of the many devices that demonstrate the fluidity of the genre. This fluidity accounts for the manifold and powerful influence of travel writing on processes of cultural transfer. This volume also illustrates that cultural transfer is frequently linked to issues of power, colonialism and politics. The various chapters investigate the transmission of other cultures, ideas and ideologies to the writer’s own cultural sphere and consider how the processes of cultural transfer interact with the forms and functions of travel writing. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/fillm.20.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027215871.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027215871.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/fillm.20.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/fillm.20.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/fillm.20.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/fillm.20.hb.png 10 01 JB code fillm.20.toc vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 10 01 JB code fillm.20.preface ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 10 01 JB code fillm.20.contrib xi xii 2 Miscellaneous 3 10 01 JB code fillm.20.intro 1 15 15 Chapter 4 1 A01 Petra Broomans Broomans, Petra Petra Broomans 2 A01 Jeanette den Toonder Toonder, Jeanette den Jeanette den Toonder 10 01 JB code fillm.20.01van 16 34 19 Chapter 5 1 A01 Marja van Tilburg van Tilburg, Marja Marja van Tilburg 20 Cultural Transfer 20 Enlightenment 20 gender 20 sexuality 20 Tahiti 01 Over the last decade, scholars of the Enlightenment have shown how cultural critics all over Europe – fashioning themselves as <i>philosophes</i> – took inspiration from non-Western cultures. Articulating their criticism of contemporary European society, they drew comparisons with seemingly better functioning societies in other parts of the world. How they selected and processed relevant information, however, has not been given due attention. How this information was subsequently used in Enlightenment thinking has hardly been analysed – as if <i>philosophes</i> only adopted ideas instead of examining and revising them in the process. To point out this last aspect of Enlightenment culture, this article discusses two important late eighteenth century texts. The first is the report of the French explorer Bougainville about his sojourn on Tahiti (1771). This author renders extraordinary sexual mores intelligible by referring to the Enlightenment concept of “natural man.” The second is the commentary of the French <i>philosophe</i> Diderot, who used the above report to develop an alternative to French sexual mores (several versions, 1771–1784). Together, these two texts offer examples of Enlightenment cultural transfer: the explorer describing Tahitian culture in a way which inspires the cultural critic to formulate new sexual mores and to discuss the feasibility of their implementation in contemporary Europe. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.02bro 35 61 27 Chapter 6 1 A01 Petra Broomans Broomans, Petra Petra Broomans 20 cultural transfer 20 ethnotype 20 Mary Wollstonecraft 20 performativity 20 persona 20 Scandinavia 20 travel writing 01 Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) is well known for her feminist pamphlet <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Women</i> (1792). Wollstonecraft was also an experienced traveller. She travelled to Portugal, and she lived and worked in Ireland, London and Paris. Her travel account about her stay in Scandinavia, <i>Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark</i>, was published in 1796. <br />Her life and works have fascinated many artists, writers and scholars over time, starting with her husband, the philosopher William Godwin (1756–1836), who published the <i>Memoirs of the Author of ‘The Rights of Woman’</i> in 1798. More recently, Nigel Leask (2019), Anca-Raluca Radu (2020), Elizabeth Zold (2023), Michael Meyer (2023) and Luisa Simonutti (2024), amongst others, discussed the <i>Letters</i> in different contexts. I will begin this chapter by giving a brief overview of the outlines in this remarkable renaissance of ‘Mary Wollstonecraft studies’. <br />I will continue by positioning Wollstonecraft’s <i>Letters</i> within the genre of travel writing. In my analysis I will focus on two concepts that determine Wollstonecraft as a traveller-cultural transmitter: performativity and persona. This chapter demonstrates that the combination of persona (the self) and performativity (as writer, observer and scholar) with the approach of cultural transfer expands our understanding of the <i>Letters</i>. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.03san 62 80 19 Chapter 7 1 A01 Kirsten Sandrock Sandrock, Kirsten Kirsten Sandrock 20 A Footnote to History 20 cultural transfer 20 In the South Seas 20 Pacific 20 Robert Louis Stevenson 20 temporality 20 travel writing 01 This chapter analyses forms and functions of cultural transfer in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Pacific travel writings with a particular focus on the temporalities of cultural exchanges. It examines the multiple timeframes of cultural transfer so as to open up a perspective on Stevenson’s works as negotiating not only the ambiguities of geographical but also of time-based contact zones, where past, present and future meet. Such an exploration adds a temporal perspective to Mary Louis Pratt’s term of the ‘contact zone’ insofar as it suggests that asymmetrical relationships cannot only arise out of intercultural geographical spaces but can also result from inner-cultural encounters with different periods and times. Ghost imagery and the narration of loss are part of the aesthetic repertoire Stevenson uses in his work to mediate the temporalities of cultural contact zones. Together with other forms of cultural transfer, such as linguistic translation, the construal of the traveller-narrator as intermediary figure and anthropological depictions of Pacific cultures, ghost images and tropes of loss illustrate the complex chronotopical entanglements of cultural encounters that Stevenson negotiates in his Pacific writings. Stevenson’s <i>A Footnote to History</i> (1892) and <i>In the South Seas</i> (1896) offer rich resources for understanding the temporal complexities of cultural transfer because, during his time in the Pacific, Stevenson was deeply occupied with the multiple temporalities of cultures and cultural contact zones. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.04gal 81 103 23 Chapter 8 1 A01 Eduardo Gallegos Krause Gallegos Krause, Eduardo Eduardo Gallegos Krause 20 borders 20 iconic representations 20 Indigenous peoples 20 postcolonial discourse 20 West-East dichotomy 01 This chapter deals with the largely unknown and slightly studied travel account of Otto Nordenskjöld in the Argentinian-Chilean Patagonia as part of the preparation to his well-known and documented travel to Antarctica. By using several key terms of postcolonial theory, such as ambivalence, border, identity, binaries and in-between, an analysis of the way in which Nordenskjöld’s portrays the image of the Indigenous people and how civilisation treats them (from Nordenskjöld’s perspective) is proposed. Thus, it is argued that, in the complex relation between travel account and images, an ambiguous representation of European values and the Indigenous people arises, which destabilises the typical binaries of the colonial discourse. The contribution demonstrates that, as travellers transition between two realms, they may find it challenging to shed their European viewpoint, even in situations where colonial brutality is openly denounced. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.05bra 104 134 31 Chapter 9 1 A01 Nina Brandau Brandau, Nina Nina Brandau Helmut Schmidt University Hamburg 20 contact zone 20 cultural transfer 20 metropolitan culture 20 mobility 20 modern theatre 20 retransfer 20 travelling theatre 01 It was not only literary exchange and travel writing that flourished between Germany and Scandinavia around 1900. The theatre sector was also influenced by increasing artistic mobility that facilitated the transfer of ideas on modern theatre across Europe. This chapter examines selected guest performances and directorships of the German theatre director Max Reinhardt and the actor Alexander Moissi in Stockholm between 1915 and 1921. Expanding the traditional idea of travel writing, the artists used guest performances as a means of allowing ideas to travel to a new national context. Using cultural transfer and mobility theories, the aim of this contribution is to explore how Reinhardt’s and Moissi’s mobile acts brought cultural and aesthetic ideas to Sweden and which factors – social, political, aesthetic as well as infrastructural – influenced the transfer process. This is done with a content analysis of newspaper articles as primary sources. With the help of these sources, I will illustrate that Reinhardt’s and Moissi’s visits to Sweden were only successful because of a well-developed German-Scandinavian network that had been built beforehand. It is argued that the artistic ideas that they transferred to Sweden were mainly affected by socio-cultural and infrastructural developments, while political ideologies were of secondary importance. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.06yua 135 160 26 Chapter 10 1 A01 Weishi Yuan Yuan, Weishi Weishi Yuan 20 Cultural Transfer 20 I Ching 20 Richard Wilhelm 20 The Secret of the Golden Flower 20 the soul of China 20 travelogue 01 This chapter analyses the forms of cultural transfer in Richard Wilhelm’s (1873–1930) China travel writings, brought together in <i>The Soul of China</i> (1925), with a specific focus on the transmission of the concept of “soul.” It examines the two-way transmission of this concept between the East and the West. In <i>The Soul of China</i>, Wilhelm created contact zones, which can be understood as a complex entanglement of different mind-sets at the beginning of the twentieth century after a series of social changes in both Germany and China. By means of <i>The Soul of China</i>, Wilhelm was determined to appeal to the influential analytical psychology in Europe and to illustrate the ancient spiritual laws of Chinese philosophy, primarily in response to the prevailing European esoteric movement, as well as to the abandonment of Confucianism in China. Wilhelm’s earlier translation of <i>The Secret of the Golden Flower</i> demonstrated that, in parallel with the soul of the West, there was also a soul of China, which could be understood as consisting of consciousness and unconsciousness. However, part of the soul of China, that element which was shaped by the ancient spiritual laws as found in Wilhelm’s translation of the <i>I Ching</i>, had not yet been discovered or appropriated by the West. Ultimately, the exchange of the concept of soul was mediated by the construal of a traveller-narrator in the contact zones which Wilhelm created in <i>The Soul of China</i>. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.07hed 161 180 20 Chapter 11 1 A01 Andreas Hedberg Hedberg, Andreas Andreas Hedberg 20 identity construction (the self vs the other) 20 knowledge production 20 mobility/migration/globalisation 20 space and time 01 The paragon of the Swedish author (and later Nobel prize laureate) Harry Martinson’s early travel writing, published in the 1930s, is the “geosopher,” a figure that has broken free of the confines of his birth nation and its culture in order to experience the world in its entirety. For the geosopher, travelling is a basic need. <br />Martinson’s ideal, based on his own experiences as a ship stoker, was made possible by modern transportation, technology, commerce and cultural transfer on a new scale – phenomena that for some of his contemporaries seemed more frightening than promising, uprooting them from traditional life. Today, in the wake of climate change, the fear of pandemics and large-scale migration, these anxieties have resurfaced. <br />Even though Martinson seemed optimistic about his geosopher ideal, he soon gave up his life as a migrant and turned to the Swedish countryside, where the global perspective of his travel writing was replaced by an interest in the smallest creatures and movements of nature. When he later returned to the theme of travelling, it was with a completely different tone in the dystopic fantasies of the “space epic” <i>Aniara</i>. <br />In this article, I will explore the shifting attitudes in Martinson’s travel writing, and also relate them to our contemporary challenges: migration, climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic. How can literature contribute to cultural transfer and border crossings in an age where mobility has to be limited? 10 01 JB code fillm.20.08den 181 202 22 Chapter 12 1 A01 Jeanette den Toonder Toonder, Jeanette den Jeanette den Toonder 20 cultural encounters 20 cultural transfer 20 disorientation 20 exile 20 Franco-Iranian literature 20 sexual identity 20 travel narrative 01 This chapter aims to analyse how the intersection of travel and exile in Négar Djavadi’s novel <i>Désorientale</i> (2016) motivates cultural exchanges through movements of conflict and contact. After having established a framework of exile and travel in relation to narrative, cultural encounters and transfer, the analysis firstly focuses on the metaphorical and physical levels of travel and exile as developed in the novel. Exile and travel are intertwined and a necessary part of the female protagonist’s life and offer the possibility to create a travel narrative where she connects her Iranian past and French present. The second part examines the confrontation with her sexual identity and the understanding of her hybrid body as a place of encounter between different cultures. By acknowledging the disorientation of her exiled body, the protagonist/narrator is capable of establishing relationships with others and to share her experience. The final section further discusses the importance of meaningful encounters by elaborating on the connection between the narrator and the implied reader that allow for critical reflection and transfer of insights, emotions and ideas. The analysis demonstrates the role of the exiled narrator as cultural transmitter. This chapter further contributes to the study of travel writing and cultural transfer by offering new perspectives on how the genre develops in the twenty-first century as an effect of migration. 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 October 2024 20241015 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027215871 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 10 20241015 01 00 125.00 EUR R 01 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 163.00 USD S 653029798 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FILLM 20 Hb 15 9789027215871 13 2024031284 BB 01 FILLM 02 2213-428X FILLM Studies in Languages and Literatures 20 01 fillm.20 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/fillm.20 1 B01 Petra Broomans Broomans, Petra Petra Broomans University of Groningen 2 B01 Jeanette den Toonder Toonder, Jeanette den Jeanette den Toonder University of Groningen 01 eng 220 xii 204 + index LIT000000 v.2006 DSB 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 06 01 <i>Travel Writing and Cultural Transfer</i> addresses the multifaceted concept of cultural transfer through travel writing, with the aim of expanding our knowledge of modes of travel in the past and present and how they developed, as did the way in which travel was reported.<br />Travel as both factual and fictional— with authors and narratives moving between different worlds— is one of the many devices that demonstrate the fluidity of the genre. This fluidity accounts for the manifold and powerful influence of travel writing on processes of cultural transfer. This volume also illustrates that cultural transfer is frequently linked to issues of power, colonialism and politics. The various chapters investigate the transmission of other cultures, ideas and ideologies to the writer’s own cultural sphere and consider how the processes of cultural transfer interact with the forms and functions of travel writing. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/fillm.20.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027215871.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027215871.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/fillm.20.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/fillm.20.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/fillm.20.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/fillm.20.hb.png 10 01 JB code fillm.20.toc vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 10 01 JB code fillm.20.preface ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 10 01 JB code fillm.20.contrib xi xii 2 Miscellaneous 3 10 01 JB code fillm.20.intro 1 15 15 Chapter 4 1 A01 Petra Broomans Broomans, Petra Petra Broomans 2 A01 Jeanette den Toonder Toonder, Jeanette den Jeanette den Toonder 10 01 JB code fillm.20.01van 16 34 19 Chapter 5 1 A01 Marja van Tilburg van Tilburg, Marja Marja van Tilburg 20 Cultural Transfer 20 Enlightenment 20 gender 20 sexuality 20 Tahiti 01 Over the last decade, scholars of the Enlightenment have shown how cultural critics all over Europe – fashioning themselves as <i>philosophes</i> – took inspiration from non-Western cultures. Articulating their criticism of contemporary European society, they drew comparisons with seemingly better functioning societies in other parts of the world. How they selected and processed relevant information, however, has not been given due attention. How this information was subsequently used in Enlightenment thinking has hardly been analysed – as if <i>philosophes</i> only adopted ideas instead of examining and revising them in the process. To point out this last aspect of Enlightenment culture, this article discusses two important late eighteenth century texts. The first is the report of the French explorer Bougainville about his sojourn on Tahiti (1771). This author renders extraordinary sexual mores intelligible by referring to the Enlightenment concept of “natural man.” The second is the commentary of the French <i>philosophe</i> Diderot, who used the above report to develop an alternative to French sexual mores (several versions, 1771–1784). Together, these two texts offer examples of Enlightenment cultural transfer: the explorer describing Tahitian culture in a way which inspires the cultural critic to formulate new sexual mores and to discuss the feasibility of their implementation in contemporary Europe. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.02bro 35 61 27 Chapter 6 1 A01 Petra Broomans Broomans, Petra Petra Broomans 20 cultural transfer 20 ethnotype 20 Mary Wollstonecraft 20 performativity 20 persona 20 Scandinavia 20 travel writing 01 Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) is well known for her feminist pamphlet <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Women</i> (1792). Wollstonecraft was also an experienced traveller. She travelled to Portugal, and she lived and worked in Ireland, London and Paris. Her travel account about her stay in Scandinavia, <i>Letters written during a short residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark</i>, was published in 1796. <br />Her life and works have fascinated many artists, writers and scholars over time, starting with her husband, the philosopher William Godwin (1756–1836), who published the <i>Memoirs of the Author of ‘The Rights of Woman’</i> in 1798. More recently, Nigel Leask (2019), Anca-Raluca Radu (2020), Elizabeth Zold (2023), Michael Meyer (2023) and Luisa Simonutti (2024), amongst others, discussed the <i>Letters</i> in different contexts. I will begin this chapter by giving a brief overview of the outlines in this remarkable renaissance of ‘Mary Wollstonecraft studies’. <br />I will continue by positioning Wollstonecraft’s <i>Letters</i> within the genre of travel writing. In my analysis I will focus on two concepts that determine Wollstonecraft as a traveller-cultural transmitter: performativity and persona. This chapter demonstrates that the combination of persona (the self) and performativity (as writer, observer and scholar) with the approach of cultural transfer expands our understanding of the <i>Letters</i>. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.03san 62 80 19 Chapter 7 1 A01 Kirsten Sandrock Sandrock, Kirsten Kirsten Sandrock 20 A Footnote to History 20 cultural transfer 20 In the South Seas 20 Pacific 20 Robert Louis Stevenson 20 temporality 20 travel writing 01 This chapter analyses forms and functions of cultural transfer in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Pacific travel writings with a particular focus on the temporalities of cultural exchanges. It examines the multiple timeframes of cultural transfer so as to open up a perspective on Stevenson’s works as negotiating not only the ambiguities of geographical but also of time-based contact zones, where past, present and future meet. Such an exploration adds a temporal perspective to Mary Louis Pratt’s term of the ‘contact zone’ insofar as it suggests that asymmetrical relationships cannot only arise out of intercultural geographical spaces but can also result from inner-cultural encounters with different periods and times. Ghost imagery and the narration of loss are part of the aesthetic repertoire Stevenson uses in his work to mediate the temporalities of cultural contact zones. Together with other forms of cultural transfer, such as linguistic translation, the construal of the traveller-narrator as intermediary figure and anthropological depictions of Pacific cultures, ghost images and tropes of loss illustrate the complex chronotopical entanglements of cultural encounters that Stevenson negotiates in his Pacific writings. Stevenson’s <i>A Footnote to History</i> (1892) and <i>In the South Seas</i> (1896) offer rich resources for understanding the temporal complexities of cultural transfer because, during his time in the Pacific, Stevenson was deeply occupied with the multiple temporalities of cultures and cultural contact zones. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.04gal 81 103 23 Chapter 8 1 A01 Eduardo Gallegos Krause Gallegos Krause, Eduardo Eduardo Gallegos Krause 20 borders 20 iconic representations 20 Indigenous peoples 20 postcolonial discourse 20 West-East dichotomy 01 This chapter deals with the largely unknown and slightly studied travel account of Otto Nordenskjöld in the Argentinian-Chilean Patagonia as part of the preparation to his well-known and documented travel to Antarctica. By using several key terms of postcolonial theory, such as ambivalence, border, identity, binaries and in-between, an analysis of the way in which Nordenskjöld’s portrays the image of the Indigenous people and how civilisation treats them (from Nordenskjöld’s perspective) is proposed. Thus, it is argued that, in the complex relation between travel account and images, an ambiguous representation of European values and the Indigenous people arises, which destabilises the typical binaries of the colonial discourse. The contribution demonstrates that, as travellers transition between two realms, they may find it challenging to shed their European viewpoint, even in situations where colonial brutality is openly denounced. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.05bra 104 134 31 Chapter 9 1 A01 Nina Brandau Brandau, Nina Nina Brandau Helmut Schmidt University Hamburg 20 contact zone 20 cultural transfer 20 metropolitan culture 20 mobility 20 modern theatre 20 retransfer 20 travelling theatre 01 It was not only literary exchange and travel writing that flourished between Germany and Scandinavia around 1900. The theatre sector was also influenced by increasing artistic mobility that facilitated the transfer of ideas on modern theatre across Europe. This chapter examines selected guest performances and directorships of the German theatre director Max Reinhardt and the actor Alexander Moissi in Stockholm between 1915 and 1921. Expanding the traditional idea of travel writing, the artists used guest performances as a means of allowing ideas to travel to a new national context. Using cultural transfer and mobility theories, the aim of this contribution is to explore how Reinhardt’s and Moissi’s mobile acts brought cultural and aesthetic ideas to Sweden and which factors – social, political, aesthetic as well as infrastructural – influenced the transfer process. This is done with a content analysis of newspaper articles as primary sources. With the help of these sources, I will illustrate that Reinhardt’s and Moissi’s visits to Sweden were only successful because of a well-developed German-Scandinavian network that had been built beforehand. It is argued that the artistic ideas that they transferred to Sweden were mainly affected by socio-cultural and infrastructural developments, while political ideologies were of secondary importance. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.06yua 135 160 26 Chapter 10 1 A01 Weishi Yuan Yuan, Weishi Weishi Yuan 20 Cultural Transfer 20 I Ching 20 Richard Wilhelm 20 The Secret of the Golden Flower 20 the soul of China 20 travelogue 01 This chapter analyses the forms of cultural transfer in Richard Wilhelm’s (1873–1930) China travel writings, brought together in <i>The Soul of China</i> (1925), with a specific focus on the transmission of the concept of “soul.” It examines the two-way transmission of this concept between the East and the West. In <i>The Soul of China</i>, Wilhelm created contact zones, which can be understood as a complex entanglement of different mind-sets at the beginning of the twentieth century after a series of social changes in both Germany and China. By means of <i>The Soul of China</i>, Wilhelm was determined to appeal to the influential analytical psychology in Europe and to illustrate the ancient spiritual laws of Chinese philosophy, primarily in response to the prevailing European esoteric movement, as well as to the abandonment of Confucianism in China. Wilhelm’s earlier translation of <i>The Secret of the Golden Flower</i> demonstrated that, in parallel with the soul of the West, there was also a soul of China, which could be understood as consisting of consciousness and unconsciousness. However, part of the soul of China, that element which was shaped by the ancient spiritual laws as found in Wilhelm’s translation of the <i>I Ching</i>, had not yet been discovered or appropriated by the West. Ultimately, the exchange of the concept of soul was mediated by the construal of a traveller-narrator in the contact zones which Wilhelm created in <i>The Soul of China</i>. 10 01 JB code fillm.20.07hed 161 180 20 Chapter 11 1 A01 Andreas Hedberg Hedberg, Andreas Andreas Hedberg 20 identity construction (the self vs the other) 20 knowledge production 20 mobility/migration/globalisation 20 space and time 01 The paragon of the Swedish author (and later Nobel prize laureate) Harry Martinson’s early travel writing, published in the 1930s, is the “geosopher,” a figure that has broken free of the confines of his birth nation and its culture in order to experience the world in its entirety. For the geosopher, travelling is a basic need. <br />Martinson’s ideal, based on his own experiences as a ship stoker, was made possible by modern transportation, technology, commerce and cultural transfer on a new scale – phenomena that for some of his contemporaries seemed more frightening than promising, uprooting them from traditional life. Today, in the wake of climate change, the fear of pandemics and large-scale migration, these anxieties have resurfaced. <br />Even though Martinson seemed optimistic about his geosopher ideal, he soon gave up his life as a migrant and turned to the Swedish countryside, where the global perspective of his travel writing was replaced by an interest in the smallest creatures and movements of nature. When he later returned to the theme of travelling, it was with a completely different tone in the dystopic fantasies of the “space epic” <i>Aniara</i>. <br />In this article, I will explore the shifting attitudes in Martinson’s travel writing, and also relate them to our contemporary challenges: migration, climate change and the Covid-19 pandemic. How can literature contribute to cultural transfer and border crossings in an age where mobility has to be limited? 10 01 JB code fillm.20.08den 181 202 22 Chapter 12 1 A01 Jeanette den Toonder Toonder, Jeanette den Jeanette den Toonder 20 cultural encounters 20 cultural transfer 20 disorientation 20 exile 20 Franco-Iranian literature 20 sexual identity 20 travel narrative 01 This chapter aims to analyse how the intersection of travel and exile in Négar Djavadi’s novel <i>Désorientale</i> (2016) motivates cultural exchanges through movements of conflict and contact. After having established a framework of exile and travel in relation to narrative, cultural encounters and transfer, the analysis firstly focuses on the metaphorical and physical levels of travel and exile as developed in the novel. Exile and travel are intertwined and a necessary part of the female protagonist’s life and offer the possibility to create a travel narrative where she connects her Iranian past and French present. The second part examines the confrontation with her sexual identity and the understanding of her hybrid body as a place of encounter between different cultures. By acknowledging the disorientation of her exiled body, the protagonist/narrator is capable of establishing relationships with others and to share her experience. The final section further discusses the importance of meaningful encounters by elaborating on the connection between the narrator and the implied reader that allow for critical reflection and transfer of insights, emotions and ideas. The analysis demonstrates the role of the exiled narrator as cultural transmitter. This chapter further contributes to the study of travel writing and cultural transfer by offering new perspectives on how the genre develops in the twenty-first century as an effect of migration. 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 October 2024 20241015 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 10 20241015 01 02 JB 1 00 125.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 132.50 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 10 20241015 02 02 JB 1 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 10 20241015 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 163.00 USD