295030371 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SiHoLS 133 Eb 15 9789027246356 06 10.1075/sihols.133 DG 002 02 01 SiHoLS 02 0304-0720 Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 133 01 sihols.133 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/sihols.133 1 B01 Savina Raynaud Raynaud, Savina Savina Raynaud Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 2 B01 Maria Paola Tenchini Tenchini, Maria Paola Maria Paola Tenchini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 3 B01 Enrica Galazzi Galazzi, Enrica Enrica Galazzi Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 01 eng 290 vi 279 + index LAN009000 v.2006 CFA 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 06 01 This volume comprises two invited talks and fifteen selected papers, chosen from over 200 submissions to the 15th International Conference on the History of Language Sciences (ICHoLS XV). Originally scheduled to be held in Milan in 2020, the conference was postponed and moved online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Held from August 23-27, 2021, it connected scholars from 30 countries across various time zones.<br />The volume is divided into three parts. The first part, devoted to General and Particular Issues in the History of Linguistics, recalls classical authors in relation to contemporary ones as well as newly established disciplines and subtle epistemological inquiries. The second part, Antiquity, mainly investigates the Sanskrit language and various descriptive and didactic studies, approached from both ancient and contemporary metalinguistic frameworks. The third part deals with Sixteenth to Twentieth Century Works, ranging from the Tamil language to American archives, and from experimental phonostylistics to the history of monosemy. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/sihols.133.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027218155.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027218155.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/sihols.133.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/sihols.133.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/sihols.133.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/sihols.133.hb.png 10 01 JB code sihols.133.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 1 10 01 JB code sihols.133.foreword 1 2 2 Foreword 2 10 01 JB code sihols.133.intro 3 11 9 Chapter 3 10 01 JB code sihols.133.p1 Section header 4 10 01 JB code sihols.133.01gra 14 30 17 Chapter 5 1 A01 Giorgio Graffi Graffi, Giorgio Giorgio Graffi Università di Verona (Hemeritus) 20 constituent 20 paradigm 20 predication 20 research tradition 20 word group 01 I offer support for an affirmative answer to the question in the title by means of two case studies. The first one is on the notion of predication. I compare two recent theoretical studies, arguing that one of them is less satisfactory than the other, since it does not consider the original Aristotelian notion of predication, which is necessary for an adequate treatment of natural language. The second case study deals with Immediate Constituent Analysis, which some scholars argue dates back to long before Bloomfield: this conclusion was drawn by implicitly equating ‘constituent’ with ‘word group’, while the two concepts actually differ. Our discussion leads to the issue of ‘paradigm’ in Kuhn’s sense: to what extent are scientific notions formulated in different epochs and conceptual frameworks comparable? I maintain that they can be compared, by resorting to some approaches to the history of sciences that are different from Kuhn’s. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.02ser 31 47 17 Chapter 6 1 A01 Patrick Sériot Sériot, Patrick Patrick Sériot Université de Lausanne 20 function 20 Goethe 20 Jakobson 20 metaphor 20 metonymy 20 naturphilosophie 20 Russian linguistics 20 teleology 20 tradition 20 typology 20 Western thought 01 Either science aims at universal validity, or it is no science. The idea that science can be culturally or nationally determined is unanimously considered as an outdated Romantic cliché. Nonetheless, it is usual to speak of the Western thought, without wondering where its Eastern limit is to be found. In the history of linguistics, Russian science of language is often proclaimed by Russian thinkers as being “fundamentally different” from Western linguistics. This paradox is examined here after R. Jakobson’s works in the interwar period and their links to Goethe’s and <i>Naturphilosophie</i> research in biology: idealistic morphology appears to be a way towards typology. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.03sav 48 61 14 Chapter 7 1 A01 Dan Savatovsky Savatovsky, Dan Dan Savatovsky Université Sorbonne nouvelle | UMR CNRS 7597 Histoire des théories linguistiques 20 accommodation en linguistique 20 accommodation in linguistics 20 Congrès international de linguistes (1928–1939) 20 disciplinary projection 20 forecasting 20 horizon de projection disciplinaire 20 International Congress of Linguists (1928–1939) 20 prediction 20 prédiction 20 prévision 01 This paper deals with the notion of <i>disciplinary projection</i>, as it is (or should be) used in the history and the epistemology of linguistics. First, we define <i>projection</i> by distinguishing it from <i>forecasting</i>, <i>prediction</i>, and <i>accommodation</i> (cf. Horkheimer Hempel and/or Popper). We show that the notion of projection involves linguistics as a <i>discipline</i> and not only as a knowledge. Then we try to understand what Saussure meant by the future “task” to be performed in linguistics (<i>Cours de linguistique générale</i>, Chapter II). Finally, we focus on the proceedings of the first five sessions of the International Congress of Linguists (1928–1939) in order to show how they conceived the future of their discipline, emphasizing four themes: exchanges and the delimitation of borders with related disciplines; interventions in the field of language policy; adoption of shared methodologies in linguistic investigation and the presentation of its results. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.04ten 62 78 17 Chapter 8 1 A01 Maria Paola Tenchini Tenchini, Maria Paola Maria Paola Tenchini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Milan) 2 A01 Serena Cattaruzza Cattaruzza, Serena Serena Cattaruzza Università di Trieste 20 ethics 20 language 20 Ph. Wegener 20 speech 20 sympathy 01 In the logical-psychological-linguistic contributions of the German area between the nineteenth and the twentieth century, Philipp Wegener is the scholar who stresses the role of ethics as the precondition for the acquisition and use of language. His considerations are embedded in a theoretical framework that focuses on the concrete acts of speech in situations, as well as on the active interaction between speaker and hearer for the construction of meaning. Within this dialogical approach, sympathy should be considered as the “most fundamental prerequisite” for understanding speech (Wegener 1885: 68). Wegener’s view never gained unanimous coeval fame either in linguistics or in the psychology of language; nonetheless he was appreciated later by scholars of the caliber of Karl Bühler and Alan Gardiner. Our paper investigates the attention Wegener pays to the connection between language, speech, and ethics and considers how this concept may have paved the way for a social notion of language. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.05von 79 89 11 Chapter 9 1 A01 Frank J.M. Vonk Vonk, Frank J.M. Frank J.M. Vonk HAN University of Applied Sciences 20 language 20 name 20 translation 20 word 20 world 01 The German literary critic, art critic and philosopher of language Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) has in many ways struggled with the question how language <i>manifests</i> itself in art, epistemology or literature. In posthumously published fragments, Benjamin shows how his restless mind has produced texts in which he has tried to connect the religious (Judaic) tradition with the ruinous appearance of an ideal language in names, trying to understand and explain the imperfection of language, also in translations between languages. Benjamin has covered this ruinous world in an allegoric view of language as it was done in Baroque allegories (the <i>vanitas</i>) showing itself in mourning plays,, hoping for a new, better world. In a way Benjamin’s concern with language shows how language is fragmentized in daily speech in which only the communicative function has survived. The ‘divine’ dimension or word can only allegorically be considered to be relevant to this communicative function. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.06bal 90 103 14 Chapter 10 1 A01 Elio Ballardini Ballardini, Elio Elio Ballardini University of Bologna 20 historiography 20 history 20 interpreting 20 methodology 01 Interpretation gained visibility in the 20th century thanks to two major historic events: the Paris Peace Conference (1919), in which consecutive interpreters played a crucial role, and the Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946), in which simultaneous interpretation gained international recognition. These key events helped to give the profession unprecedented prestige. The emergence of schools for translators and interpreters after World War II fostered the development of Interpreting Studies along with Translation Studies. Essentially conference interpreting centered, these studies have unfortunately neglected for a long time other forms of interpreting, wrongly regarded as lower-ranking forms, although older and more widespread. Today, an increasing number of studies aim to reconstruct the global history of this millennia-old language practice. Initially West-centered, if not Europe-centered, currently more and more works go beyond this original framework. The present article examines this epistemological shift in the historiography of interpreting, the methodological problems it implies, its challenges and perspectives. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.07leo 104 115 12 Chapter 11 1 A01 Jacqueline Léon Léon, Jacqueline Jacqueline Léon HTL UMR7596, CNRS, Université Paris Cité 20 computational linguistics 20 horizon of projection 20 horizon of retrospection 20 machine translation 01 In my paper, I will discuss the articulation between the horizon of projection (the anticipation of the evolution of a field of knowledge) and the horizon of retrospection (its background) in the special case of early machine translation. Because its horizon of retrospection (World War II sciences and technologies, information theory and mathematical logic) did not include linguistics, the horizon of projection of machine translation could not be high quality machine translation, but formal and computational linguistics. The horizon of computational linguistics thus projected was piloted and installed by institutions, funded and evaluated by state agencies, with conclusions and recommendations stated by expert reports, illustrating a new form of relationship between institution and sciences. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.p2 117 1 Section header 12 10 01 JB code sihols.133.08aus 118 130 13 Chapter 13 1 A01 Émilie Aussant Aussant, Émilie Émilie Aussant Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle — EA 2120 GREI 20 nominal declensions 20 paradigmatic sets 20 pedagogical grammars 20 Sanskrit grammarians 01 This paper studies the different ways in which ancient Sanskrit grammarians presented nominal declensions. Based on twelve Sanskrit grammars (from Pāṇini’s <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> up to Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita’s <i>Siddhāntakaumudī</i>) classified into three categories (“wholly generative” grammars, “partly generative” grammars and “pedagogical” grammars), it shows that though nominal paradigmatic sets were known from and used by various scholars — among whom grammarians — at a relatively early date, it is only with pedagogical grammars that they really enter the scene of grammatical description, i.e. as “official” grammatical or language teaching tools. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.09can 131 146 16 Chapter 14 1 A01 Maria Piera Candotti Candotti, Maria Piera Maria Piera Candotti Università di Pisa 2 A01 Tiziana Pontillo Pontillo, Tiziana Tiziana Pontillo Università di Cagliari 20 head in compounds 20 Pāṇini 20 qualifier-qualificand relation 20 Sanskrit Bahuvrīhi 20 word-order in compounds 01 Modern and ancient interpreters contrast karmadhārayas, made up of two co-referential constituents, i.e. a qualifier and a qualificand, with bahuvrīhis, in an attempt to understand “where” the “adjective” occurs. They concentrate on the fact that, unlike in karmadhārayas, in bahuvrīhis the qualifier unexpectedly occupies the right-hand slot. Pāṇini’s compounding rules are indeed targeted on singling out the non-head of the compounds which is attributed the first place by default, mirroring the natural order of the alternating syntagm. In particular cases some different principles govern their constituent-order: one of them, illustrated in <i>Aṣṭādhyāyi</i> 2.2.35, is based on the concept of <i>viśeṣaṇa</i> which shares several features with the modern notion of qualifier. The present inquiry aims at showing how in Pāṇini’s system the concept of <i>upasarjana</i> as the constituent whose syntax is frozen is kept separated from that of qualifier, with the consequent re-appraisal of his role within the history of linguistics. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.10moc 147 160 14 Chapter 15 1 A01 Davide Mocci Mocci, Davide Davide Mocci Università degli Studi di Cagliari 20 embedded constituent 20 head 20 metaphorical compounds 20 upasarjana 01 In this study I show that the internal order of Sanskrit Noun-Noun endocentric compounds cannot be captured by means of the notion ‘head’, defined in semantic or morphological terms (§§1–2). Next, I outline the strategy devised by the Indian grammarian Pāṇini (4th century B.C.) to handle the internal order of Sanskrit compounds (§ 3). Finally, I argue that the notion relevant for determining the internal order of Noun-Noun endocentric compounds in Sanskrit can be identified by combining Pāṇini’s intuitions with the formalism developed within generative grammar (§ 4). In this way, this study provides an additional example of how useful the history of linguistics (specifically, the study of Pāṇini’s grammar) may be for solving a problem in contemporary linguistics (specifically, the puzzle as to how the internal order of a certain class of compounds is determined). 10 01 JB code sihols.133.p3 161 1 Section header 16 10 01 JB code sihols.133.11che 162 180 19 Chapter 17 1 A01 Jean-Luc Chevillard Chevillard, Jean-Luc Jean-Luc Chevillard CNRS, Laboratoire HTL (UMR7597) (Ver. 2c) 20 beschi 20 diglossia 20 language of poetry 20 missionary grammars 20 ordinary language 20 Proença 20 standardized language 20 Tamil 20 traditional language scholarship 20 triglossia 01 European missionaries engaged in the linguistic description of 16th–18th c. Tamil Nadu discussed two possible attitudes. Proença (1625–1666), who wrote in Portuguese, thought that the most important task was to concentrate on what is useful <i>pera a pratica</i> “for practical purposes” and wanted to master ordinary language, both (A) in its colloquial forms  — including substandard and dialectal variants — and (B) in its more standardized form. Beschi (1680–1747), who wrote in Latin, thought he could become influential by mastering (C) <i>Centamiḻ</i>, the poetic “more elegant” dialect, cultivated for many centuries by traditional grammarians and poets of Tamil Nadu. This article evokes the strategies of Proença, Beschi and others, who navigated the components of Tamil “triglossia”, in which both (A) and (C) can coexist with (B), but not simultaneously. Either (C) is ignored, being considered as “useless for practical purposes”, or (A) is shunned, being considered as “barbaric”. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.12vai 181 199 19 Chapter 18 1 A01 Massimo Vai Vai, Massimo Massimo Vai Università degli Studi di Milano 20 B. Delbrück 20 left periphery syntax 20 neogrammarians 20 PIE syntax 20 Vedic syntax 01 Delbrück’s work on Indo-European syntax, particularly his contribution to the analysis of Vedic syntax, is still a useful tool for those wanting to deal with the study of Old Indian and Indo-European comparative syntax. Indeed, it is methodologically comparable with the recent analyses of the left periphery of the sentence. In fact, the notions of basic order of the major constituents of the sentence and of marked order are already present in Delbrück’s 1878 work, together with formal considerations that relate the variation of the order of constituents to the interface between the syntax and information structure of the sentence. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.13tho 200 212 13 Chapter 19 1 A01 Margaret Thomas Thomas, Margaret Margaret Thomas Boston College 20 Foundation of the Linguistic Society of America 20 Leonard Bloomfield 20 racism in linguistics 20 scientific racism 01 The centennial of the Linguistic Society of America invites reflection on how the organization has arrived at its current activist stance, which prioritizes social-justice issues and anti-racist initiatives within the discipline of linguistics. This article highlights the inward-looking nature of the foundation of the LSA in 1924, offset against the so-called scientific racism that imbued early twentieth-century American public discourse. I examine three short texts produced at the outset of the institutionalization of the LSA, all (co-)authored by Leonard Bloomfield, that communicate the centripetal social dynamics of the foundation of the society and its insistence on the scientific nature of the study of language — together lending a particular complexion to the group within the sociocultural world of early twentieth-century America. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.14new 213 221 9 Chapter 20 1 A01 Frederick J. Newmeyer Newmeyer, Frederick J. Frederick J. Newmeyer University of Washington | University of British Columbia | Simon Fraser University 20 archival resources for linguistics 20 Charles Hockett 20 Linguistic Society of America 20 Martin Joos 20 Noam Chomsky 20 Roman Jakobson 01 The first part of this paper describes the content of several archives containing letters, documents, etc. which have relevance to the history of American linguistics, particularly from the 1940s to the 1980s. The second part shows how material from these archives has already helped to solve debates about linguistic historiography. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.15tes 222 239 18 Chapter 21 1 A01 Pierre-Yves Testenoire Testenoire, Pierre-Yves Pierre-Yves Testenoire Sorbonne Université 20 archives 20 Claude Lévi-Strauss 20 École Libre des Hautes Études 20 Ferdinand de Saussure 20 Roman Jakobson 20 structuralism 01 This paper focuses on Roman Jakobson’s general linguistics lectures in New York during World War II. These courses, that Claude Lévi-Strauss attended, have played a major role in the spreading of post-war “generalized structuralism”. However, they only came to be known by the later testimonies of the two scholars and partial editions from the 1970s and 1980s. Therefore, this study aims at showing that taking into account unpublished sources can bring something new to our knowledge of these teachings. <br />After the description of the institutional context of the École Libre des Hautes Études that housed this teaching, the list of Roman Jakobson’s general linguistics classes is retraced and put in perspective with the unpublished notes that have been kept in his archives. Taking into account the preparatory manuscripts of these classes sheds light on the logic that governs Jakobson’s teaching at the École Libre, conceived as a critical reinterpretation of the <i>Course in General Linguistics</i>. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.16gal 240 249 10 Chapter 22 1 A01 Enrica Galazzi Galazzi, Enrica Enrica Galazzi Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan 20 Agostino Gemelli 20 experimental phonetics 20 histoire de la phonétique 20 history of phonetics 20 phonetic variations 20 phonétique expérimentale 20 variations phonétiques 01 Agostino Gemelli, médecin et psychologue, s’investit dans l’étude des variations phoniques par des moyens expérimentaux d’avant-garde qui lui ont permis une analyse pluri-paramétrique jusqu’alors inédite (Gemelli 1938 et 1939). Dans une approche holistique de l’homme qu’il souhaite fonder sur des données objectives mesurables, la langue n’est pas seulement un moyen de communication mais elle est également, à ses yeux de psychologue, « le miroir de l’âme et de l’attitude du locuteur ». Les résultats, publiés dans de nombreuses revues internationales furent présentés au III^ème Colloque international des Sciences Phonétiques (Gand 1938), ce qui lui valut un retentissement et une reconnaissance internationales. Une relecture des résultats obtenus permet de mesurer le rôle que le Laboratoire de l’Université Catholique de Milan a joué dans le progrès des recherches autour de la voix humaine, notamment dans le domaine de la phono­sty­lis­tique naissante (Trojan 1948 ; Léon 1971 ; 1976 ; Fonagy 1977 ; 1982). 10 01 JB code sihols.133.17cig 250 279 30 Chapter 23 1 A01 Lorenzo Cigana Cigana, Lorenzo Lorenzo Cigana Université de Liège 2 A01 Henrik Jørgensen Jørgensen, Henrik Henrik Jørgensen University of Aarhus 20 general meanings 20 grammatical semantics 20 monosemy 20 structural linguistics 20 system 01 This article reconstruct the history and development of the methodology known as “of general meanings”, widely adopted in 20th century structural linguistics and grammatical semantics starting from the Thirties onwards, tracking its roots in the framework of German <i>Allgemeine Sprachlehre</i> and discussing the debate that it engendered within the structural paradigm, where the notions of “general” vs. “fundamental meanings” (<i>Gesamt</i>- vs. <i>Grundbedeutung</i>) were defined and gained currency, often marking the competing approaches of Prague vs. Copenhagen schools. In so doing, the paper offers a detailed insight on the philosophical background of such a methodology, reconstructing its epistemological framework and its legacy, contributing in mapping the evolution of one of its most important corollary: monosemy. 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 November 2024 20241115 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027218155 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 10 20241115 01 00 130.00 EUR R 01 00 109.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 169.00 USD S 682030370 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code SiHoLS 133 Hb 15 9789027218155 BB 01 SiHoLS 02 0304-0720 Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 133 01 sihols.133 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/sihols.133 1 B01 Savina Raynaud Raynaud, Savina Savina Raynaud Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 2 B01 Maria Paola Tenchini Tenchini, Maria Paola Maria Paola Tenchini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 3 B01 Enrica Galazzi Galazzi, Enrica Enrica Galazzi Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore 01 eng 290 vi 279 + index LAN009000 v.2006 CFA 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 06 01 This volume comprises two invited talks and fifteen selected papers, chosen from over 200 submissions to the 15th International Conference on the History of Language Sciences (ICHoLS XV). Originally scheduled to be held in Milan in 2020, the conference was postponed and moved online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Held from August 23-27, 2021, it connected scholars from 30 countries across various time zones.<br />The volume is divided into three parts. The first part, devoted to General and Particular Issues in the History of Linguistics, recalls classical authors in relation to contemporary ones as well as newly established disciplines and subtle epistemological inquiries. The second part, Antiquity, mainly investigates the Sanskrit language and various descriptive and didactic studies, approached from both ancient and contemporary metalinguistic frameworks. The third part deals with Sixteenth to Twentieth Century Works, ranging from the Tamil language to American archives, and from experimental phonostylistics to the history of monosemy. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/sihols.133.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027218155.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027218155.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/sihols.133.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/sihols.133.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/sihols.133.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/sihols.133.hb.png 10 01 JB code sihols.133.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 1 10 01 JB code sihols.133.foreword 1 2 2 Foreword 2 10 01 JB code sihols.133.intro 3 11 9 Chapter 3 10 01 JB code sihols.133.p1 Section header 4 10 01 JB code sihols.133.01gra 14 30 17 Chapter 5 1 A01 Giorgio Graffi Graffi, Giorgio Giorgio Graffi Università di Verona (Hemeritus) 20 constituent 20 paradigm 20 predication 20 research tradition 20 word group 01 I offer support for an affirmative answer to the question in the title by means of two case studies. The first one is on the notion of predication. I compare two recent theoretical studies, arguing that one of them is less satisfactory than the other, since it does not consider the original Aristotelian notion of predication, which is necessary for an adequate treatment of natural language. The second case study deals with Immediate Constituent Analysis, which some scholars argue dates back to long before Bloomfield: this conclusion was drawn by implicitly equating ‘constituent’ with ‘word group’, while the two concepts actually differ. Our discussion leads to the issue of ‘paradigm’ in Kuhn’s sense: to what extent are scientific notions formulated in different epochs and conceptual frameworks comparable? I maintain that they can be compared, by resorting to some approaches to the history of sciences that are different from Kuhn’s. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.02ser 31 47 17 Chapter 6 1 A01 Patrick Sériot Sériot, Patrick Patrick Sériot Université de Lausanne 20 function 20 Goethe 20 Jakobson 20 metaphor 20 metonymy 20 naturphilosophie 20 Russian linguistics 20 teleology 20 tradition 20 typology 20 Western thought 01 Either science aims at universal validity, or it is no science. The idea that science can be culturally or nationally determined is unanimously considered as an outdated Romantic cliché. Nonetheless, it is usual to speak of the Western thought, without wondering where its Eastern limit is to be found. In the history of linguistics, Russian science of language is often proclaimed by Russian thinkers as being “fundamentally different” from Western linguistics. This paradox is examined here after R. Jakobson’s works in the interwar period and their links to Goethe’s and <i>Naturphilosophie</i> research in biology: idealistic morphology appears to be a way towards typology. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.03sav 48 61 14 Chapter 7 1 A01 Dan Savatovsky Savatovsky, Dan Dan Savatovsky Université Sorbonne nouvelle | UMR CNRS 7597 Histoire des théories linguistiques 20 accommodation en linguistique 20 accommodation in linguistics 20 Congrès international de linguistes (1928–1939) 20 disciplinary projection 20 forecasting 20 horizon de projection disciplinaire 20 International Congress of Linguists (1928–1939) 20 prediction 20 prédiction 20 prévision 01 This paper deals with the notion of <i>disciplinary projection</i>, as it is (or should be) used in the history and the epistemology of linguistics. First, we define <i>projection</i> by distinguishing it from <i>forecasting</i>, <i>prediction</i>, and <i>accommodation</i> (cf. Horkheimer Hempel and/or Popper). We show that the notion of projection involves linguistics as a <i>discipline</i> and not only as a knowledge. Then we try to understand what Saussure meant by the future “task” to be performed in linguistics (<i>Cours de linguistique générale</i>, Chapter II). Finally, we focus on the proceedings of the first five sessions of the International Congress of Linguists (1928–1939) in order to show how they conceived the future of their discipline, emphasizing four themes: exchanges and the delimitation of borders with related disciplines; interventions in the field of language policy; adoption of shared methodologies in linguistic investigation and the presentation of its results. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.04ten 62 78 17 Chapter 8 1 A01 Maria Paola Tenchini Tenchini, Maria Paola Maria Paola Tenchini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Milan) 2 A01 Serena Cattaruzza Cattaruzza, Serena Serena Cattaruzza Università di Trieste 20 ethics 20 language 20 Ph. Wegener 20 speech 20 sympathy 01 In the logical-psychological-linguistic contributions of the German area between the nineteenth and the twentieth century, Philipp Wegener is the scholar who stresses the role of ethics as the precondition for the acquisition and use of language. His considerations are embedded in a theoretical framework that focuses on the concrete acts of speech in situations, as well as on the active interaction between speaker and hearer for the construction of meaning. Within this dialogical approach, sympathy should be considered as the “most fundamental prerequisite” for understanding speech (Wegener 1885: 68). Wegener’s view never gained unanimous coeval fame either in linguistics or in the psychology of language; nonetheless he was appreciated later by scholars of the caliber of Karl Bühler and Alan Gardiner. Our paper investigates the attention Wegener pays to the connection between language, speech, and ethics and considers how this concept may have paved the way for a social notion of language. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.05von 79 89 11 Chapter 9 1 A01 Frank J.M. Vonk Vonk, Frank J.M. Frank J.M. Vonk HAN University of Applied Sciences 20 language 20 name 20 translation 20 word 20 world 01 The German literary critic, art critic and philosopher of language Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) has in many ways struggled with the question how language <i>manifests</i> itself in art, epistemology or literature. In posthumously published fragments, Benjamin shows how his restless mind has produced texts in which he has tried to connect the religious (Judaic) tradition with the ruinous appearance of an ideal language in names, trying to understand and explain the imperfection of language, also in translations between languages. Benjamin has covered this ruinous world in an allegoric view of language as it was done in Baroque allegories (the <i>vanitas</i>) showing itself in mourning plays,, hoping for a new, better world. In a way Benjamin’s concern with language shows how language is fragmentized in daily speech in which only the communicative function has survived. The ‘divine’ dimension or word can only allegorically be considered to be relevant to this communicative function. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.06bal 90 103 14 Chapter 10 1 A01 Elio Ballardini Ballardini, Elio Elio Ballardini University of Bologna 20 historiography 20 history 20 interpreting 20 methodology 01 Interpretation gained visibility in the 20th century thanks to two major historic events: the Paris Peace Conference (1919), in which consecutive interpreters played a crucial role, and the Nuremberg Trials (1945–1946), in which simultaneous interpretation gained international recognition. These key events helped to give the profession unprecedented prestige. The emergence of schools for translators and interpreters after World War II fostered the development of Interpreting Studies along with Translation Studies. Essentially conference interpreting centered, these studies have unfortunately neglected for a long time other forms of interpreting, wrongly regarded as lower-ranking forms, although older and more widespread. Today, an increasing number of studies aim to reconstruct the global history of this millennia-old language practice. Initially West-centered, if not Europe-centered, currently more and more works go beyond this original framework. The present article examines this epistemological shift in the historiography of interpreting, the methodological problems it implies, its challenges and perspectives. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.07leo 104 115 12 Chapter 11 1 A01 Jacqueline Léon Léon, Jacqueline Jacqueline Léon HTL UMR7596, CNRS, Université Paris Cité 20 computational linguistics 20 horizon of projection 20 horizon of retrospection 20 machine translation 01 In my paper, I will discuss the articulation between the horizon of projection (the anticipation of the evolution of a field of knowledge) and the horizon of retrospection (its background) in the special case of early machine translation. Because its horizon of retrospection (World War II sciences and technologies, information theory and mathematical logic) did not include linguistics, the horizon of projection of machine translation could not be high quality machine translation, but formal and computational linguistics. The horizon of computational linguistics thus projected was piloted and installed by institutions, funded and evaluated by state agencies, with conclusions and recommendations stated by expert reports, illustrating a new form of relationship between institution and sciences. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.p2 117 1 Section header 12 10 01 JB code sihols.133.08aus 118 130 13 Chapter 13 1 A01 Émilie Aussant Aussant, Émilie Émilie Aussant Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle — EA 2120 GREI 20 nominal declensions 20 paradigmatic sets 20 pedagogical grammars 20 Sanskrit grammarians 01 This paper studies the different ways in which ancient Sanskrit grammarians presented nominal declensions. Based on twelve Sanskrit grammars (from Pāṇini’s <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> up to Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita’s <i>Siddhāntakaumudī</i>) classified into three categories (“wholly generative” grammars, “partly generative” grammars and “pedagogical” grammars), it shows that though nominal paradigmatic sets were known from and used by various scholars — among whom grammarians — at a relatively early date, it is only with pedagogical grammars that they really enter the scene of grammatical description, i.e. as “official” grammatical or language teaching tools. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.09can 131 146 16 Chapter 14 1 A01 Maria Piera Candotti Candotti, Maria Piera Maria Piera Candotti Università di Pisa 2 A01 Tiziana Pontillo Pontillo, Tiziana Tiziana Pontillo Università di Cagliari 20 head in compounds 20 Pāṇini 20 qualifier-qualificand relation 20 Sanskrit Bahuvrīhi 20 word-order in compounds 01 Modern and ancient interpreters contrast karmadhārayas, made up of two co-referential constituents, i.e. a qualifier and a qualificand, with bahuvrīhis, in an attempt to understand “where” the “adjective” occurs. They concentrate on the fact that, unlike in karmadhārayas, in bahuvrīhis the qualifier unexpectedly occupies the right-hand slot. Pāṇini’s compounding rules are indeed targeted on singling out the non-head of the compounds which is attributed the first place by default, mirroring the natural order of the alternating syntagm. In particular cases some different principles govern their constituent-order: one of them, illustrated in <i>Aṣṭādhyāyi</i> 2.2.35, is based on the concept of <i>viśeṣaṇa</i> which shares several features with the modern notion of qualifier. The present inquiry aims at showing how in Pāṇini’s system the concept of <i>upasarjana</i> as the constituent whose syntax is frozen is kept separated from that of qualifier, with the consequent re-appraisal of his role within the history of linguistics. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.10moc 147 160 14 Chapter 15 1 A01 Davide Mocci Mocci, Davide Davide Mocci Università degli Studi di Cagliari 20 embedded constituent 20 head 20 metaphorical compounds 20 upasarjana 01 In this study I show that the internal order of Sanskrit Noun-Noun endocentric compounds cannot be captured by means of the notion ‘head’, defined in semantic or morphological terms (§§1–2). Next, I outline the strategy devised by the Indian grammarian Pāṇini (4th century B.C.) to handle the internal order of Sanskrit compounds (§ 3). Finally, I argue that the notion relevant for determining the internal order of Noun-Noun endocentric compounds in Sanskrit can be identified by combining Pāṇini’s intuitions with the formalism developed within generative grammar (§ 4). In this way, this study provides an additional example of how useful the history of linguistics (specifically, the study of Pāṇini’s grammar) may be for solving a problem in contemporary linguistics (specifically, the puzzle as to how the internal order of a certain class of compounds is determined). 10 01 JB code sihols.133.p3 161 1 Section header 16 10 01 JB code sihols.133.11che 162 180 19 Chapter 17 1 A01 Jean-Luc Chevillard Chevillard, Jean-Luc Jean-Luc Chevillard CNRS, Laboratoire HTL (UMR7597) (Ver. 2c) 20 beschi 20 diglossia 20 language of poetry 20 missionary grammars 20 ordinary language 20 Proença 20 standardized language 20 Tamil 20 traditional language scholarship 20 triglossia 01 European missionaries engaged in the linguistic description of 16th–18th c. Tamil Nadu discussed two possible attitudes. Proença (1625–1666), who wrote in Portuguese, thought that the most important task was to concentrate on what is useful <i>pera a pratica</i> “for practical purposes” and wanted to master ordinary language, both (A) in its colloquial forms  — including substandard and dialectal variants — and (B) in its more standardized form. Beschi (1680–1747), who wrote in Latin, thought he could become influential by mastering (C) <i>Centamiḻ</i>, the poetic “more elegant” dialect, cultivated for many centuries by traditional grammarians and poets of Tamil Nadu. This article evokes the strategies of Proença, Beschi and others, who navigated the components of Tamil “triglossia”, in which both (A) and (C) can coexist with (B), but not simultaneously. Either (C) is ignored, being considered as “useless for practical purposes”, or (A) is shunned, being considered as “barbaric”. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.12vai 181 199 19 Chapter 18 1 A01 Massimo Vai Vai, Massimo Massimo Vai Università degli Studi di Milano 20 B. Delbrück 20 left periphery syntax 20 neogrammarians 20 PIE syntax 20 Vedic syntax 01 Delbrück’s work on Indo-European syntax, particularly his contribution to the analysis of Vedic syntax, is still a useful tool for those wanting to deal with the study of Old Indian and Indo-European comparative syntax. Indeed, it is methodologically comparable with the recent analyses of the left periphery of the sentence. In fact, the notions of basic order of the major constituents of the sentence and of marked order are already present in Delbrück’s 1878 work, together with formal considerations that relate the variation of the order of constituents to the interface between the syntax and information structure of the sentence. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.13tho 200 212 13 Chapter 19 1 A01 Margaret Thomas Thomas, Margaret Margaret Thomas Boston College 20 Foundation of the Linguistic Society of America 20 Leonard Bloomfield 20 racism in linguistics 20 scientific racism 01 The centennial of the Linguistic Society of America invites reflection on how the organization has arrived at its current activist stance, which prioritizes social-justice issues and anti-racist initiatives within the discipline of linguistics. This article highlights the inward-looking nature of the foundation of the LSA in 1924, offset against the so-called scientific racism that imbued early twentieth-century American public discourse. I examine three short texts produced at the outset of the institutionalization of the LSA, all (co-)authored by Leonard Bloomfield, that communicate the centripetal social dynamics of the foundation of the society and its insistence on the scientific nature of the study of language — together lending a particular complexion to the group within the sociocultural world of early twentieth-century America. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.14new 213 221 9 Chapter 20 1 A01 Frederick J. Newmeyer Newmeyer, Frederick J. Frederick J. Newmeyer University of Washington | University of British Columbia | Simon Fraser University 20 archival resources for linguistics 20 Charles Hockett 20 Linguistic Society of America 20 Martin Joos 20 Noam Chomsky 20 Roman Jakobson 01 The first part of this paper describes the content of several archives containing letters, documents, etc. which have relevance to the history of American linguistics, particularly from the 1940s to the 1980s. The second part shows how material from these archives has already helped to solve debates about linguistic historiography. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.15tes 222 239 18 Chapter 21 1 A01 Pierre-Yves Testenoire Testenoire, Pierre-Yves Pierre-Yves Testenoire Sorbonne Université 20 archives 20 Claude Lévi-Strauss 20 École Libre des Hautes Études 20 Ferdinand de Saussure 20 Roman Jakobson 20 structuralism 01 This paper focuses on Roman Jakobson’s general linguistics lectures in New York during World War II. These courses, that Claude Lévi-Strauss attended, have played a major role in the spreading of post-war “generalized structuralism”. However, they only came to be known by the later testimonies of the two scholars and partial editions from the 1970s and 1980s. Therefore, this study aims at showing that taking into account unpublished sources can bring something new to our knowledge of these teachings. <br />After the description of the institutional context of the École Libre des Hautes Études that housed this teaching, the list of Roman Jakobson’s general linguistics classes is retraced and put in perspective with the unpublished notes that have been kept in his archives. Taking into account the preparatory manuscripts of these classes sheds light on the logic that governs Jakobson’s teaching at the École Libre, conceived as a critical reinterpretation of the <i>Course in General Linguistics</i>. 10 01 JB code sihols.133.16gal 240 249 10 Chapter 22 1 A01 Enrica Galazzi Galazzi, Enrica Enrica Galazzi Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan 20 Agostino Gemelli 20 experimental phonetics 20 histoire de la phonétique 20 history of phonetics 20 phonetic variations 20 phonétique expérimentale 20 variations phonétiques 01 Agostino Gemelli, médecin et psychologue, s’investit dans l’étude des variations phoniques par des moyens expérimentaux d’avant-garde qui lui ont permis une analyse pluri-paramétrique jusqu’alors inédite (Gemelli 1938 et 1939). Dans une approche holistique de l’homme qu’il souhaite fonder sur des données objectives mesurables, la langue n’est pas seulement un moyen de communication mais elle est également, à ses yeux de psychologue, « le miroir de l’âme et de l’attitude du locuteur ». Les résultats, publiés dans de nombreuses revues internationales furent présentés au III^ème Colloque international des Sciences Phonétiques (Gand 1938), ce qui lui valut un retentissement et une reconnaissance internationales. Une relecture des résultats obtenus permet de mesurer le rôle que le Laboratoire de l’Université Catholique de Milan a joué dans le progrès des recherches autour de la voix humaine, notamment dans le domaine de la phono­sty­lis­tique naissante (Trojan 1948 ; Léon 1971 ; 1976 ; Fonagy 1977 ; 1982). 10 01 JB code sihols.133.17cig 250 279 30 Chapter 23 1 A01 Lorenzo Cigana Cigana, Lorenzo Lorenzo Cigana Université de Liège 2 A01 Henrik Jørgensen Jørgensen, Henrik Henrik Jørgensen University of Aarhus 20 general meanings 20 grammatical semantics 20 monosemy 20 structural linguistics 20 system 01 This article reconstruct the history and development of the methodology known as “of general meanings”, widely adopted in 20th century structural linguistics and grammatical semantics starting from the Thirties onwards, tracking its roots in the framework of German <i>Allgemeine Sprachlehre</i> and discussing the debate that it engendered within the structural paradigm, where the notions of “general” vs. “fundamental meanings” (<i>Gesamt</i>- vs. <i>Grundbedeutung</i>) were defined and gained currency, often marking the competing approaches of Prague vs. Copenhagen schools. In so doing, the paper offers a detailed insight on the philosophical background of such a methodology, reconstructing its epistemological framework and its legacy, contributing in mapping the evolution of one of its most important corollary: monosemy. 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 November 2024 20241115 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 10 20241115 01 02 JB 1 00 130.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 137.80 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 10 20241115 02 02 JB 1 00 109.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 10 20241115 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 169.00 USD