65029153 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LAL 43 Eb 15 9789027246837 06 10.1075/lal.43 13 2024020669 DG 002 02 01 LAL 02 1569-3112 Linguistic Approaches to Literature 43 01 lal.43 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/lal.43 1 A01 Reiko Ikeo Ikeo, Reiko Reiko Ikeo Senshu University 2 A01 Eri Shigematsu Shigematsu, Eri Eri Shigematsu Totorri University 3 A01 Masayuki Nakao Nakao, Masayuki Masayuki Nakao Totorri University 01 eng 290 xx 266 + index LAN015000 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.NAR Narrative Studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 06 01 Focusing on the growing trend of employing the present tense in storytelling, this book explores present-tense narrative in contemporary fiction. Using a corpus approach, speech, writing, and thought presentation in 21st-century present-tense narrative is compared with 20th-century past-tense narrative. An in-depth comparative analysis reveals previously undiscovered innovative features specific to how character discourse is presented in modern narratives. Notably, narrative tenses have an impact on thought presentation; in present-tense narrative, Free Direct Thought (FDT) emerges as frequently as Free Indirect Thought (FIT), a departure from the dominance of FIT in modern past-tense narrative. This book will be of interest to stylisticians, narratologists, corpus linguists, and those who have found themselves absorbed in a 21st-century work of present-tense fiction. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lal.43.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214904.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214904.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lal.43.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lal.43.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lal.43.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lal.43.hb.png 10 01 JB code lal.43.toc v viii 4 Miscellaneous 1 10 01 JB code lal.43.ack ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 10 01 JB code lal.43.lot xi xvi 6 Miscellaneous 3 10 01 JB code lal.43.lof xvii xviii 2 Miscellaneous 4 10 01 JB code lal.43.glossary xix xx 2 Miscellaneous 5 10 01 JB code lal.43.c1 1 15 15 Chapter 6 01 One of the curious and most striking features of the contemporary English language novel is the prominent shift to present-tense narrative, in which the present tense, instead of the conventional past tense, is consistently used to tell story events. In present-tense narrative, it often appears that events are being narrated as they occur, and this apparent temporal overlap between events and narrating can obscure the distinction between the time of telling the story and the time of the story events. However, the stylistic effects generated by the use of the present tense for the base narrative mode have yet to be explored systematically. In this book, we employ a corpus stylistic method to make comparative analyses of present- and past-tense narrative in order to identify the distinctive linguistic and stylistic features of contemporary present-tense novels, focusing on speech, writing and thought presentation in each of the two narrative modes. This opening chapter provides a brief overview of the theoretical issues surrounding present-tense narrative, exploring the relationship between time and tense in narrative. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c2 16 33 18 Chapter 7 01 Present-tense narrative is expanding its boundaries beyond prototypical narrative conventions. In producing a present-tense narrative, writers give the grammatical tense more diverse and versatile meanings than before, making the distinction between the narrating time and the narrated time unclear. This chapter surveys how the present tense has taken on the function of a <i>narrative</i> tense alongside the past tense in relation to the textual realisation of narrative time. Section 2.1 gives a very brief historical sketch of its usage in English literature from Middle English verse narrative to contemporary present-tense narrative. Section 2.2 illustrates the typical usages of the present tense in past-tense narrative whose narrative premise is set explicitly in past time: the <i>deictic present</i> (2.2.1), the <i>historical present</i> (2.2.2), and the <i>character-deictic present</i> (2.2.3). Their relation to the narrative time frames, and their narrative functions and effects are also discussed. Section 2.3 focuses on the expanded usage of the present tense in contemporary narrative fiction, that is, the <i>narrative present</i> which is used in narrative throughout and functions as the primary narrative tense. This diachronic overview of the narrative use of the present tense will support the more detailed corpus-stylistic analysis of contemporary uses. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c3 34 46 13 Chapter 8 01 This chapter first discusses how corpus research can contribute to the study of stylistics and reviews how it has been applied to analysing fictional and non-fictional texts. Then the two corpora we created for our comparative research and the annotation systems we applied to the corpora will be discussed. To compare the two corpora we used two different annotation systems to achieve two main aims. One is to identify stylistic features of contemporary present-tense narrative by comparing them with those in past-tense narrative, and the other is to examine whether the way characters’ speech, writing and thoughts are presented in present-tense narrative is different from the way they are presented in past-tense narrative. To achieve the first objective, an automatic part-of-speech annotation system was used, while for the second, a discourse presentation model developed by Semino and Short (2004) was employed. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c4 47 70 24 Chapter 9 01 This chapter explains the categories and subcategories of the Semino and Short (2004) speech, writing and thought presentation model on which the annotation of our corpora is based. How speech, writing and thought presentation is distinguished and categorised is crucial to research into discourse presentation not only because gathering accurate quantitative data depends on it. It can also affect hugely the interpretation of the texts in question. We will also account for the additional subcategories which we introduced in the process of annotating contemporary present-tense narrative texts. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c5 71 96 26 Chapter 10 01 This chapter compares present-tense and past-tense fiction in terms of lexis and grammatical structures, using the PREST and PAST corpora. Present-tense narrative has more lexical and syntactic characteristics which are more similar to spoken discourse than past-tense fiction. They feel more like colloquial spoken language because they have: (1) more finite verbs and verb phrases, (2) a greater reliance on pronouns, (3) fewer proper nouns and adjectives, and (4) more present progressives as we show in detail below. This chapter also discusses how the use of the present tense affects the management of viewpoint in narrative by relating its lexical and structural features to the presentation of character speech and thought. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c6 97 143 47 Chapter 11 01 This chapter provides quantitative and qualitative comparisons of speech presentation in the PREST and PAST corpora. After a general overview of speech presentation in the two corpora, the functional and stylistic differences in the presentation of character speech will be discussed in two divisions: direct and indirect forms of speech. For the former, we have made two sub-corpora containing all the reported clauses of FDS and DS extracted from each of the PREST and PAST to examine how characters communicate with each other. For indirect forms, which include FIS, IS, NRSA(p) and NV, how each category contextually functions will be examined in each corpus. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c7 144 155 12 Chapter 12 01 This chapter discusses writing presentation in present- and past-tense narrative. In spite of the formal similarities to speech presentation, the frequency of writing presentation in both the PREST and the PAST corpora is much smaller than that of speech presentation. Writing presentation in present-tense narrative in general tends to be more closely tied to the viewpoint of a character. The most frequent category in PREST is NRWA(p), and many examples of this category reflect the characters’ close-up views on what they perceive visually and psychologically. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c8 156 209 54 Chapter 13 01 This chapter compares thought presentation in PREST and PAST, category by category on the cline from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. In present-tense narrative, FDT is the primary means to present character thought, and its unique role in this context will be brought out not only by comparing FDT in both corpora but also by comparing FDT in PREST with FIT in PAST. After discussing the direct forms, the usage of indirect forms will also be examined in the contexts in which they occur and be compared. NI, which is often regarded as intermediate between thought presentation and narration, will be examined independently, excluding it from the indirect forms. At the end of the chapter, we will review the issue of what are the norms for speech and thought presentation. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c9 210 244 35 Chapter 14 01 This chapter investigates how narrative tenses affect the way a narrator tells a story by comparing N-segments in PREST and PAST quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative data for narration in the two corpora show that the amount of narration tends to be smaller in present-tense narrative. We will start with comparing formal aspects of narration in present- and past-tense narratives. Narratologists acknowledge that the use of the present tense for narration has a greater impact on 1st-person narrative than 3rd-person narrative. This directed us to compare 1st-person narration in PREST and PAST by focusing on frequently used collocations in the two corpora. Our comparison reveals how the narrator’s viewpoint is reflected differently in present-tense and past-tense narratives. After that, we will concentrate on frequent cases of 1st-person present-tense narration which involve ambiguity between whether the segment is narration or character thought presented in a free direct form. These cases are annotated with a portmanteau tag as N-FDT, which is almost unique to PREST because this portmanteau tag is rarely found in PAST. The cases of N-FDT in PREST reveal how ambiguity between N and FDT is exploited in present-tense 1st-person narrative. In the final two sections, we will discuss the representation of character perception as one of the most important elements of narration and show how immediate in effect it can be when represented in present-tense. In the context of present-tense narration, even a character’s actions can be narrated while being filtered through the character’s internal perception, as opposed to being depicted externally by the narrator. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c10 245 256 12 Chapter 15 01 Present-tense narrative has often been discussed as a technique that construes a narrative sphere different from that created by past-tense narrative. Such discussions have tended to focus on the relationship between the narrating and narrated time, or whether the narrative tense is used as a deictic or a-deictic marker of time in narrative, as the title of Casparis’ seminal work <i>Tense without Time</i> (1975) shows. Acknowledging the diverse nature of the use of the narrative present tense, many studies take theoretical and conceptual approaches to analysing particular titles of contemporary present-tense narrative by encapsulating the developments of the stories. We have taken a different approach to contemporary present-tense narrative. Being aware of the narratological significance of the use of the present tense for story-telling and its historical background, we have chosen to take a bottom-up approach to investigate the stylistic effects and the narratological ramifications of contemporary present-tense narrative, comparing them with those of 20th-century past-tense narrative. For this purpose, we created two corpora, PREST and PAST. We have examined both the linguistic structures and discourse presentation in the two types of narrative by deploying two annotation schemes: annotating the texts of each corpus with (a) part of speech tags and (b) discourse presentation tags. These two annotation systems enabled us to analyse each corpus in terms of both their grammatical, lexical configurations and discourse presentation categories. As our two corpora differ not only in the narrative tense used but also in the time frames of publication years, the stylistic differences and noticeable contrasts in discourse presentation in the two corpora summarised below are attributable either to the use of the narrative tense or diachronic changes in written English or both. 10 01 JB code lal.43.corpus 257 259 3 Miscellaneous 16 10 01 JB code lal.43.refs 260 266 7 Miscellaneous 17 10 01 JB code lal.43.index 267 269 3 Miscellaneous 18 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 September 2024 20240915 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027214904 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 10 20240915 01 00 120.00 EUR R 01 00 101.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 156.00 USD S 30029152 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LAL 43 Hb 15 9789027214904 13 2024020668 BB 01 LAL 02 1569-3112 Linguistic Approaches to Literature 43 01 lal.43 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/lal.43 1 A01 Reiko Ikeo Ikeo, Reiko Reiko Ikeo Senshu University 2 A01 Eri Shigematsu Shigematsu, Eri Eri Shigematsu Totorri University 3 A01 Masayuki Nakao Nakao, Masayuki Masayuki Nakao Totorri University 01 eng 290 xx 266 + index LAN015000 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.CORP Corpus linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.NAR Narrative Studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIT.THEOR Theoretical literature & literary studies 06 01 Focusing on the growing trend of employing the present tense in storytelling, this book explores present-tense narrative in contemporary fiction. Using a corpus approach, speech, writing, and thought presentation in 21st-century present-tense narrative is compared with 20th-century past-tense narrative. An in-depth comparative analysis reveals previously undiscovered innovative features specific to how character discourse is presented in modern narratives. Notably, narrative tenses have an impact on thought presentation; in present-tense narrative, Free Direct Thought (FDT) emerges as frequently as Free Indirect Thought (FIT), a departure from the dominance of FIT in modern past-tense narrative. This book will be of interest to stylisticians, narratologists, corpus linguists, and those who have found themselves absorbed in a 21st-century work of present-tense fiction. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/lal.43.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027214904.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027214904.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/lal.43.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/lal.43.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/lal.43.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/lal.43.hb.png 10 01 JB code lal.43.toc v viii 4 Miscellaneous 1 10 01 JB code lal.43.ack ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 10 01 JB code lal.43.lot xi xvi 6 Miscellaneous 3 10 01 JB code lal.43.lof xvii xviii 2 Miscellaneous 4 10 01 JB code lal.43.glossary xix xx 2 Miscellaneous 5 10 01 JB code lal.43.c1 1 15 15 Chapter 6 01 One of the curious and most striking features of the contemporary English language novel is the prominent shift to present-tense narrative, in which the present tense, instead of the conventional past tense, is consistently used to tell story events. In present-tense narrative, it often appears that events are being narrated as they occur, and this apparent temporal overlap between events and narrating can obscure the distinction between the time of telling the story and the time of the story events. However, the stylistic effects generated by the use of the present tense for the base narrative mode have yet to be explored systematically. In this book, we employ a corpus stylistic method to make comparative analyses of present- and past-tense narrative in order to identify the distinctive linguistic and stylistic features of contemporary present-tense novels, focusing on speech, writing and thought presentation in each of the two narrative modes. This opening chapter provides a brief overview of the theoretical issues surrounding present-tense narrative, exploring the relationship between time and tense in narrative. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c2 16 33 18 Chapter 7 01 Present-tense narrative is expanding its boundaries beyond prototypical narrative conventions. In producing a present-tense narrative, writers give the grammatical tense more diverse and versatile meanings than before, making the distinction between the narrating time and the narrated time unclear. This chapter surveys how the present tense has taken on the function of a <i>narrative</i> tense alongside the past tense in relation to the textual realisation of narrative time. Section 2.1 gives a very brief historical sketch of its usage in English literature from Middle English verse narrative to contemporary present-tense narrative. Section 2.2 illustrates the typical usages of the present tense in past-tense narrative whose narrative premise is set explicitly in past time: the <i>deictic present</i> (2.2.1), the <i>historical present</i> (2.2.2), and the <i>character-deictic present</i> (2.2.3). Their relation to the narrative time frames, and their narrative functions and effects are also discussed. Section 2.3 focuses on the expanded usage of the present tense in contemporary narrative fiction, that is, the <i>narrative present</i> which is used in narrative throughout and functions as the primary narrative tense. This diachronic overview of the narrative use of the present tense will support the more detailed corpus-stylistic analysis of contemporary uses. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c3 34 46 13 Chapter 8 01 This chapter first discusses how corpus research can contribute to the study of stylistics and reviews how it has been applied to analysing fictional and non-fictional texts. Then the two corpora we created for our comparative research and the annotation systems we applied to the corpora will be discussed. To compare the two corpora we used two different annotation systems to achieve two main aims. One is to identify stylistic features of contemporary present-tense narrative by comparing them with those in past-tense narrative, and the other is to examine whether the way characters’ speech, writing and thoughts are presented in present-tense narrative is different from the way they are presented in past-tense narrative. To achieve the first objective, an automatic part-of-speech annotation system was used, while for the second, a discourse presentation model developed by Semino and Short (2004) was employed. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c4 47 70 24 Chapter 9 01 This chapter explains the categories and subcategories of the Semino and Short (2004) speech, writing and thought presentation model on which the annotation of our corpora is based. How speech, writing and thought presentation is distinguished and categorised is crucial to research into discourse presentation not only because gathering accurate quantitative data depends on it. It can also affect hugely the interpretation of the texts in question. We will also account for the additional subcategories which we introduced in the process of annotating contemporary present-tense narrative texts. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c5 71 96 26 Chapter 10 01 This chapter compares present-tense and past-tense fiction in terms of lexis and grammatical structures, using the PREST and PAST corpora. Present-tense narrative has more lexical and syntactic characteristics which are more similar to spoken discourse than past-tense fiction. They feel more like colloquial spoken language because they have: (1) more finite verbs and verb phrases, (2) a greater reliance on pronouns, (3) fewer proper nouns and adjectives, and (4) more present progressives as we show in detail below. This chapter also discusses how the use of the present tense affects the management of viewpoint in narrative by relating its lexical and structural features to the presentation of character speech and thought. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c6 97 143 47 Chapter 11 01 This chapter provides quantitative and qualitative comparisons of speech presentation in the PREST and PAST corpora. After a general overview of speech presentation in the two corpora, the functional and stylistic differences in the presentation of character speech will be discussed in two divisions: direct and indirect forms of speech. For the former, we have made two sub-corpora containing all the reported clauses of FDS and DS extracted from each of the PREST and PAST to examine how characters communicate with each other. For indirect forms, which include FIS, IS, NRSA(p) and NV, how each category contextually functions will be examined in each corpus. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c7 144 155 12 Chapter 12 01 This chapter discusses writing presentation in present- and past-tense narrative. In spite of the formal similarities to speech presentation, the frequency of writing presentation in both the PREST and the PAST corpora is much smaller than that of speech presentation. Writing presentation in present-tense narrative in general tends to be more closely tied to the viewpoint of a character. The most frequent category in PREST is NRWA(p), and many examples of this category reflect the characters’ close-up views on what they perceive visually and psychologically. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c8 156 209 54 Chapter 13 01 This chapter compares thought presentation in PREST and PAST, category by category on the cline from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives. In present-tense narrative, FDT is the primary means to present character thought, and its unique role in this context will be brought out not only by comparing FDT in both corpora but also by comparing FDT in PREST with FIT in PAST. After discussing the direct forms, the usage of indirect forms will also be examined in the contexts in which they occur and be compared. NI, which is often regarded as intermediate between thought presentation and narration, will be examined independently, excluding it from the indirect forms. At the end of the chapter, we will review the issue of what are the norms for speech and thought presentation. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c9 210 244 35 Chapter 14 01 This chapter investigates how narrative tenses affect the way a narrator tells a story by comparing N-segments in PREST and PAST quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative data for narration in the two corpora show that the amount of narration tends to be smaller in present-tense narrative. We will start with comparing formal aspects of narration in present- and past-tense narratives. Narratologists acknowledge that the use of the present tense for narration has a greater impact on 1st-person narrative than 3rd-person narrative. This directed us to compare 1st-person narration in PREST and PAST by focusing on frequently used collocations in the two corpora. Our comparison reveals how the narrator’s viewpoint is reflected differently in present-tense and past-tense narratives. After that, we will concentrate on frequent cases of 1st-person present-tense narration which involve ambiguity between whether the segment is narration or character thought presented in a free direct form. These cases are annotated with a portmanteau tag as N-FDT, which is almost unique to PREST because this portmanteau tag is rarely found in PAST. The cases of N-FDT in PREST reveal how ambiguity between N and FDT is exploited in present-tense 1st-person narrative. In the final two sections, we will discuss the representation of character perception as one of the most important elements of narration and show how immediate in effect it can be when represented in present-tense. In the context of present-tense narration, even a character’s actions can be narrated while being filtered through the character’s internal perception, as opposed to being depicted externally by the narrator. 10 01 JB code lal.43.c10 245 256 12 Chapter 15 01 Present-tense narrative has often been discussed as a technique that construes a narrative sphere different from that created by past-tense narrative. Such discussions have tended to focus on the relationship between the narrating and narrated time, or whether the narrative tense is used as a deictic or a-deictic marker of time in narrative, as the title of Casparis’ seminal work <i>Tense without Time</i> (1975) shows. Acknowledging the diverse nature of the use of the narrative present tense, many studies take theoretical and conceptual approaches to analysing particular titles of contemporary present-tense narrative by encapsulating the developments of the stories. We have taken a different approach to contemporary present-tense narrative. Being aware of the narratological significance of the use of the present tense for story-telling and its historical background, we have chosen to take a bottom-up approach to investigate the stylistic effects and the narratological ramifications of contemporary present-tense narrative, comparing them with those of 20th-century past-tense narrative. For this purpose, we created two corpora, PREST and PAST. We have examined both the linguistic structures and discourse presentation in the two types of narrative by deploying two annotation schemes: annotating the texts of each corpus with (a) part of speech tags and (b) discourse presentation tags. These two annotation systems enabled us to analyse each corpus in terms of both their grammatical, lexical configurations and discourse presentation categories. As our two corpora differ not only in the narrative tense used but also in the time frames of publication years, the stylistic differences and noticeable contrasts in discourse presentation in the two corpora summarised below are attributable either to the use of the narrative tense or diachronic changes in written English or both. 10 01 JB code lal.43.corpus 257 259 3 Miscellaneous 16 10 01 JB code lal.43.refs 260 266 7 Miscellaneous 17 10 01 JB code lal.43.index 267 269 3 Miscellaneous 18 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 02 September 2024 20240915 2024 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 10 20240915 01 02 JB 1 00 120.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 127.20 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 10 20240915 02 02 JB 1 00 101.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 10 20240915 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 156.00 USD